Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации

Колледж Гжельского государственного

художественно-промышленного института

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Методические рекомендации и контрольные задания

для обучающихся заочно

в системе среднего профессионального образования

по специальностям

270103 «Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и сооружений»

080110 «Экономика и бухгалтерский учет»

240305 «Производство тугоплавких неметаллических

и силикатных материалов и изделий»

Часть I

Гжель 2005

Одобрено цикловой (предметной) комиссией Председатель: (фамилия, инициалы) Данилкина О.Н. «_____» ____________ 200___г.

Методические указания составлены в соответствии с примерной (рабочей) программой по дисциплине «Английский язык» Нач. учебного отдела: (фамилия, инициалы) Колонина Т.Г. «_____» ____________ 200___г.

Составитель:

Данилкина О.Н.

Рецензенты:

Толмачева И.А., преподаватель английского языка.

Поломаренко В.А., кандидат педагогических наук.

Пояснительная записка

Настоящее методическое пособие предназначено для студентов-заочников средних специальных учебных заведений, изучав­ших иностранный язык в объеме среднего (полного) общего образования в общеобразовательной школе или образовательных учреждениях началь­ного профессионального образования, обучающихся по специальностям:

270103  Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и сооружений;

080110 — Экономика и бухгалтерский учет.

Основной целью курса «Иностранный язык» является обучение прак­тическому владению разговорно-бытовой речью и деловым языком специ­альности для активного применения, как в повседневной жизни, так и в профессиональной деятельности.

Критерием практического владения иностранным языком является умение достаточно свободно пользоваться относительно простыми языко­выми средствами в основных видах речевой деятельности: говорении, аудировании, чтении и письме. Практическое владение языком предполагает также умение самостоятельно работать со специальной литературой с це­лью получения профессиональной информации, оформлять деловую переписку, вести беседу, переговоры.

Освоение и совершенствование студентами фонетики, грамматики (морфо­логии и синтаксиса), правил словообразования и сочетаемости слов, а так­же лексики и фразеологии происходит в процессе самостоятельной работы с устными и письменными текстами, разного рода словарями и справочниками.

Минимум знаний, умений и навыков, полученных в результате изучения дисциплины в соответствии с ГОС СПО:

Основы общения на иностранном языке: фонетика, лексика, фразеоло­гия, грамматика; основы делового языка по специальности; профессио­нальная лексика, фразеологические обороты, термины; техника перевода (со словарем) профессионально-ориентированных текстов; профессиональ­ное общение.

Требования к владению материалом Аудирование

• распознавание отдельных (простых и сложных) звуков в словах;

• выделение ключевых слов и основной идеи звучащей речи;

• понимание смысла монологической и диалоговой речи;

• восприятие на слух материалов по тематике специальности средней трудности.

Говорение

• правильная артикуляция и произношение гласных и согласных звуков;

• интонация, ритм и темп речи, близкие к нормативным;

• владение монологической и диалогической речью;

• правильное употребление разговорных формул (клише) в коммуника­тивных ситуациях;

• устная постановка вопросов;

• краткие и полные ответы на вопросы;

• составление связного текста с использованием ключевых слов на бы­товые и профессиональные темы;

• устное сообщение на заданную тему (с предварительной подготов­кой);

• краткий или подробный пересказ прослушанного или прочитанного текста.

Чтение

• умение читать новые тексты общекультурного, общенаучного харак­тера и тексты по специальности;

• определение содержания текста по знакомым словам, интернацио­нальным словам, географическим названиям и т.п.;

• распознавание значений слов по контексту;

• выделение главной и второстепенной информации;

• перевод (со словарем) бытового, литературного и специального текста с иностранного на русский и с русского на иностранный язык;

• знакомство с периодическими изданиями по специальности на ино­странном языке;

• знакомство с основными способами поиска профессиональной ин­формации на иностранном языке;

• пользование общими и отраслевыми словарями и справочниками на иностранном языке.

Письмо

• правильное написание текста под диктовку;

• письменное изложение прочитанного текста на произвольную или на заданную тему;

• письменный перевод текста на иностранный язык;

• оформление документов на иностранном языке (бланк, анкета и т.п.);

• написание официальных писем;

• аннотирование и составление резюме курсовой работы на иностран­ном языке.

тематический план учебной дисциплины

Раздел 1. Вводно-коррективный курс.

Раздел 2. Развивающий курс.

Тема 2.1. Моя семья.

2.2. Образование. Учеба.

2.3. Мой рабочий день.

2.4. Место, где я живу.

2.5. Моя будущая профессия.

2.6. Спорт.

2.7. Увлечения.

2.8. Путешествия.

2.9. Россия. Москва. Петербург.

2.10. Великобритания. Лондон.

Раздел 3. Практикум.

Тема 3.1. Великие ученые.

3.2. Научные открытия.

3.3. Технический прогресс.

4. Защита окружающей среды.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ УЧЕБНОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ

Раздел 1. Вводно-коррективный курс

Обучение английскому языку начинается с вводно-коррективного курса, во время которого корректируется произношение, усваиваются навыки по всем видам речевой деятельности: говорение, аудирование, чтение, письмо. Вводный курс предполагает повторение элементарной грамматики и лексики.

Раздел 2. Развивающий курс

Работа ведется параллельно над развитием всех видов речевой деятельности в двух направлениях: освоение разговорно-бытового, литературного языка и языка специальности, развитие навыков восприятия на слух, чтения, написания монологической и диалогической речи по общекультурной и бытовой тематике.

Этот курс включает в себя развитие навыков чтения литературы по специальности, знакомство с отраслевыми словарями и справочниками, с основами реферирования, аннотирования и перевода литературы по специальности.

Раздел 3. Практикум

Ведётся работа с текстами по специальности с использованием различных аспектов речи.

Лингвистический материал

Фонетика. Особенности английской артикуляции. Понятие о литера­турном произношении. Гласные и согласные звуки. Ударение в словах; одноударные и двуударные слова. Интонация речи (повествование, во­прос).

Грамматика. Существительное; формальные признаки существи­тельного, артикль, множественное число, притяжательный падеж. Местоимения (личные, притяжательные, указательные; неопределенные место­имения аnу, sоmе, nо и их производные). Числительные (количественные, порядковые). Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий. Система вре­мен английского глагола Present, Past, Future (Simple, Continuous, Perfect). Неправильные глаголы. Согласование времен. Действительный и страда­тельный залоги. Модальные глаголы. Функции глаголов to have, to be. Не­личные формы глаголов Infinitive, Gerund, Participle. Глаголы с послелога­ми. Функции оnе и that of .

Структура простого распространенного предложения. Структура без­личного предложения. Отрицание. Образование вопросов. Придаточные предложения времени и условия. Прямая и косвенная речь.

Лексика и фразеология. Лексический минимум 1200 - 1400 лексиче­ских единиц. Наиболее употребительная лексика, относящаяся к общему языку, и базовая терминологическая лексика специальности.

Устойчивые выражения: наиболее распространенные разговорные формы - клише (обращение, приветствие, благодарность, извинения и т.д.).

Многозначность слова. Синонимическая речь. Прямое и переносное значение слова. Интернационализмы.

Знакомство с основными типами словарей: двуязычными и одноязыч­ными (толковыми, фразеологическими, терминологическими и пр.), справочниками.

Особенности изучения дисциплины

Для овладения английским языком необходимо в начале приобрести навыки правильного произношения и чтения. В этом неоценимую помощь оказывают технические средства обучения, таблицы правил чтения и фонетические упражнения. Большое значение для формирования словарного запаса и развития техники чтения имеют регулярные и систематические занятия, чтение текстов вслух. Студентам заочного обучения особенно важно правильно организовать самостоятельную работу по запоминанию слов и выражений, активизации их в речи и узнаванию лексических и грамматических единиц в текстах.

Одной из основных целей обучения английскому языку в колледже является формирование у студентов навыков перевода аутентичных текстов средней трудности по специальности, поэтому с первых занятий нужно учиться делать морфологический анализ слова, лексико-грамматический анализ предложений. На общетехнических текстах необходимо вырабатывать умения пользоваться словарем, читать с общим охватом содержания, определять и правильно переводить специфические языковые явления, характерные для научно- технической и специальной литературы.

Многозначность слов

Определенную трудность для перевода с английского языка на русский пред­ставляют многозначные английские слова. Например, effect может быть сущест­вительным в значении действие, результат, эффект, в технической литературе может употребляться в значении работа, а в качестве глагола обозначает совер­шать, выполнять. Поэтому при переводе важно подобрать нужное по смыслу значение, руководствуясь контекстом, т. е. обращая внимание на слова, окружаю­щие данное слово. Сравните, например, перевод следующих двух предложений:

You must have a change in Moscow.  В Москве вы должны сделать пересадку.

Do you think the results of the experiment will make them change their opinion?  Вы думаете, что результаты эксперимента заставят их изменить свое мнение?

Некоторые английские слова могут выступать в различных функциях. Например:

that в предложении может быть:

1) указательным местоимением:

That book is interesting.  Та книга интересная.

2) союзом:

He said that he knew it.  Он сказал, что он знает это.

3) союзным словом:

Read the article that helps you in your work.  Прочтите эту статью, которая поможет вам в вашей работе.

4) словом - заместителем (во избежание повторения существительного).

It может выступать в функции:

1) личного местоимения (и выполнять роль подлежащего и дополнения в предложении):

I have seen this film. It is interesting.  Я видел этот фильм. Он интересный.

2) указательного местоимения (переводится «это»):

It is his cat.  Это его кот.

3) подлежащего в безличном предложении (на русский язык не переводится):

It is spring.  Весна.

One может выступать в функции:

1) числительного:

There is only one student here.  Здесь только один студент.

2) неопределенно - личного местоимения:

One should be careful in the street.  Нужно быть осторожным на улице.

3) слова-заместителя (во избежание повторения существительного):

I’ve done this exercise, give me another one.  Я сделал это упражнение, дайте мне другое (упражнение).

Выбор того или иного значения слова определяет исключительно контекст. Дословный перевод предложений может лишить их всякого смысла или исказить его. Поэтому сначала нужно внимательно прочитать текст и понять его общий смысл. После этого можно приступать к переводу предложений, соблюдая правила и специфику русского языка.

Интернационализмы

Слова, заимствованные в основном из латинского и греческого языков, назы­ваются интернационализмами и употребляются во многих европейских языках. Они занимают большое место в технической и специальной литературе. В области математики интернационализмом является само название науки, а также такие термины, как принцип, интеграл и т. д. В химии: газ, реакция, катализатор и др.

Слова спутник, луноход вошли во все словари мира из русского языка как свидетельство достижений нашей страны в области завоеваний космоса.

Следует, однако, предостеречь от перевода абсолютно всех интернационализмов по их фонетическому звучанию, так как многие интернационализмы не совпа­дают по своему значению в русском и английском языках. Например, sympathe­tically переводится чаще всего сочувственно, а не симпатично, хотя может употреб­ляться и в этом значении; accurate — точный, а не аккуратный, geyser — газовая колонка для ванны и гейзер и т. д.

Понятие о термине

Научно-техническая и специальная литература обладает большим количеством специальных терминов. Термин — слово (или словосочетание), которое имеет строго опреде­ленное значение. Термины могут быть:

1. Простые — power (сила, мощь, энергия, степень (мат.), potential потенциал).

2. Сложные — non-stop (безостановочный, беспосадочный).

3. Термины-словосочетания — power-station (электростанция), makeshift (замена, временное приспособление).

Один и тот же термин в литературе по разным отраслям науки и техники может обозначать различные понятия, например: factor—фактор, множитель (мат.), коэффициент (техн.); pass — проход, ущелье, выносить (приговор) (юрид.), сдавать экзамен; code — кодекс, код, шифр, система сигналов; terminal — вывод, зажим, клемма.

Чтобы использовать нужный термин и избежать ошибок в переводе, нужно знать содержание текста или отрывка (абзаца, предложения), разобраться, к какой отрасли принадлежит искомый термин.

Употребление существительных в функции определения

В английской научно-технической литературе очень часто существительное употребляется в функции определения другого существительного. Чаще встреча­ются целые цепочки из нескольких стоящих рядом существительных, которые вызывают большие трудности при переводе. В такой группе определяемым явля­ется последнее слово, а все существительные, стоящие перед ним, являются его определениями.

Существительные-определения могут переводиться на русский язык прилага­тельными, например:

export grain — экспортное зерно (зерно на экспорт)

temperature scale — температурная шкала

Однако такой способ перевода не всегда возможен. Часто перевод следует начинать с определяемого слова, а существительные в роли определения перево­дить на русский язык существительными в косвенных падежах. Например:

_{2 1}

temperature measurements — измерения температуры

_{3 2 1}

temperature recording device — прибор для регистрации температуры.

Работа со словарем

Для быстрой ориентации при работе со словарем нужно прежде всего хорошо знать алфавит. Следует помнить, что порядок размещения слов на одну букву также организован по принципу алфавита внутри слова до последней буквы. Не­обходимо разбираться в условных обозначениях, знать исходную форму слова, обращать внимание на страницу словаря, где вверху даются три первые буквы слов, начинающих страницу (слева), и три первые буквы слов, заканчивающих страницу (справа).

Словарь располагает и справочным материалом. Сюда входят наиболее упо­требительные сокращения, географические названия и др.

Производные формы слова имеют специальный знак ~ (тильда), который заменяет основное слово. Иногда повторяющееся слово отделяется от изменяемой его части двумя вертикальными параллельными черточками II.

Ряд словарей использует алфавитно-гнездовую систему слов. При таком рас­положении термины, которые состоят из определения и определяемого слова, нужно искать по определенным словам. Например, steam engine следует искать в гнезде термина engine.

Следует знать, что в гнезде термины с последующими определениями идут в порядке этих определений по алфавиту.

Фразеологические сочетания отделены от термина знаком §. Ведущий тер­мин в гнезде заменяется знаком ~ (тильдой). Например:

pour 1) лить(ся), вливать(ся); 2) наливать(ся) ~ out—наливать, разливать (чай и т.п.)', б) выливаться, литься; It never rains but it ~ s. поcл. Беда не прихо­дит одна.

Не следует забывать, что в словаре слово всегда дается в исходной форме: существительное — в единственном числе, прилагательное — в положительной степени сравнения, глагол — в трех формах: инфинитив, Past Indefinite, Past Participle. При совпадении второй и третьей формы в словаре дается только одна из них.

Глаголы с послелогами

В английском языке есть ряд глаголов, которые употребляются с послелогами и образуют новые понятия. Благодаря послелогам сравнительно немногочисленная группа слов отличается большой многозначностью. К этой группе относятся глаголы to get, to be, to put, to make и ряд других.

В словаре глаголы с послелогами располагаются после основного значения глагола в порядке алфавитного расположения послелогов. Часто перед послелогом пишется только начальная буква основного глагола. Например: to go – идти, g. in for – увлекаться, g. on – продолжать(ся ).

Методические указания по выполнению контрольной работы

Для того чтобы выполнить контрольные задания, нужно усвоить материал вводного и основного курса учебника. Вводный курс охватывает основные правила чтения и грамматические формы. Следует помнить, что для того чтобы научиться читать и переводить тексты по специальности, необходима систематическая ра­бота, в процессе которой совершенствуется произношение, накапливается запас слов, усваиваются грамматические конструкции. Заниматься следует регуляр­но по 10—20 минут в день.

При чтении текстов следите за правильностью ударения и интонацией, добивайтесь слитного чтения слов. Помните, что упражнения, которые вы выпол­няете письменно в тетради, следует обязательно читать вслух.

Весь материал основного курса рекомендуется прорабатывать в таком порядке:

1) прочтите фонетические упражнения;

2) прочтите новые слова из текста;

3) проработайте новый грамматический материал;

4) сделайте требуемые упражнения по грамматике;

5) прочтите и переведите текст;

6) выполните упражнения, стоящие после текста.

В пособии даны вопросы для самопроверки по материалу каждой контроль­ной работы.

Помимо учебника мы рекомендуем повторить материал по фонетическому и грамматическому справочникам.

Перед тем как отвечать на вопросы для самопроверки, целесооб­разно сначала проработать теоретический материал, а затем проанализировать отдельные упражнения.

После каждого задания дается контрольная работа в 10 вариантах. Работа включает текст для перевода и упражнения на пройденную лексику и грамма­тику, преимущественно творческого характера (ответить на вопросы, составить рассказ и т. д.). Такие упражнения позволяют оценить ваше умение пользовать­ся изученным материалом.

Контрольные работы составлены в десяти вариантах каждая. Студенты выполняют только один вариант контрольной работы. Выбор варианта зависит от номера личного дела студента. Если номер личного дела оканчивается на 1, то выполняется 1-й вариант, если на 0, то выполняется 10-й, если на 2 — 2-й и т. д.

Работы, не соответствующие своему варианту, не засчитываются и возвра­щаются студенту без оценки.

Если работа выполнена неудовлетворительно, студент исправляет ее и представляет вторично или, по указанию преподавателя, выполняет и пред­ставляет другой вариант контрольной работы.

Задание I Материал, который рекомендуется проработать перед выполнением контрольной работы № 1

Название тем

Грамматика

1. My Family 2. My Working Day 3. Professions 4. Our Flat 5. The City 6. My Studies 7. My Hobbies 8. Sports 9. Russia. Moscow. St.Petersburg. 10. Great Britain. London.

Неопределенное время (настоящее, прошедшее, будущее.) (The Present, Past and Future Indefinite Tenses). Утверди­тельная, вопросительная и отрицательная формы. Продолженное время (настоящее, прошедшее, будущее). (The Present, Past and Future Continuous Tenses). Утвер­дительная, вопросительная и отрицательная формы. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice). Модальные глаголы (The Modal Verbs) can, may, must. Причастие (The Participle). Оборот there is (there are). Прилагательное (The Adjective). Числительное (The Numeral). Местоимение (The Pronoun). Неопределенные местоимения: some, any. Количественные местоимения: much, many, (a) few, (a) little. Объектный падеж личных местоимений. Словообразование

Вопросы для самопроверки

1. Как образуется и когда употребляется настоящее время (Present Indefinite)?

2. Найдите предложение, в котором глагол употребляется в 3-м лице единственного числа настоящего неопределенного времени (Present Indefinite):

They study French. We have many good friends. Ann and Kate often go to the concerts. They are at the theatre. Ann works very well. Как произносится это окончание?

3. Какой вспомогательный глагол служит для образования вопро­сительной и отрицательной форм настоящего неопределенного времени, какое окончание он имеет в 3-м лице единственного числа? Опреде­лите, в каком примере глагол to do употребляется как вспомогатель­ный и в каких — в собственных значениях?

а) Не does his lessons in the evening,

b) He does not do his lessons in the morning.

В какой форме употребляется смысловой глагол?

4. Как образуется и когда употребляется настоящее продолженное время (Present Continuous)?

5. Какая разница в употреблении настоящего продолженного и настоящего неопределенного времени? Объясните разницу на приве­денных примерах: a) She goes to the theatre very often, b) She is going to the theatre.

6. Как образуется утвердительная форма прошедшего неопределен­ного времени (Past Indefinite) правильных (стандартных) и неправиль­ных (нестандартных) глаголов? Как произносится окончание -ed? Как строятся вопросительная и отрицательная формы? В какой форме упо­требляется смысловой глагол?

7. Как образуются вопросительная и отрицательная формы глаголов прошедшего длительного времени (Past Continuous)?

а) Найдите предложения в прошедшем неопределенном времени (Past Indefinite) в вопросительной и отрицательной формах с правиль­ными и неправильными глаголами. Переведите предложения на рус­ский язык:

Не does not work at the Institute. Do you know his brother? Did she come late yesterday? They did not write letters to their friends. She did not ask me to help her. Did she study mathematics?

б) Найдите и переведите предложения, в которых глагол употреб­ляется в вопросительной и отрицательной формах прошедшего дли­тельного времени (Past Continuous).

Не was here yesterday. Were they ready to begin their experiment? She was not a student of our college. Was he writing his exercise when you came in? She was not working from seven till four.

4. Как образуется будущее неопределенное время (Future Indefinite)? Как строятся вопросительная и отрицательная формы глаголов? Дайте примеры.

5. Как образуется будущее продолженное время (Future Continuous)? Как строятся вопросительная и отрицательная формы глагола? Дайте примеры. Найдите предложения в а) вопросительной и отрицательной формах будущего неопределенного времени, б) вопросительной и отри­цательной формах будущего продолженного времени (Future Continuous) я переведите предложения на русский язык.

They saw a new film yesterday. Were you with them? No, I was working at that time. Will you go to see it tomorrow? No, I won't: I have no time. And what are you doing now? I -am preparing my lessons. Will you be translating a new text during this evening? I shall not be translating it. We did it at the lesson.

4. Когда употребляется настоящее неопределенное время в зна­чении будущего? Найдите такие предложения и переведите их на русский язык.

Не will be one of the best singers in a year. We shall go to Petersburg very soon. If the weather is fine he will go for a walk. I am going to the concert. She will be sleeping when he returns. He will work till you come back.

4. Как образуется страдательный залог (Passive Voice)? Переведите предложения на русский язык.

This article is written in English. A book was presented by his brother. She was met with applause. He will be sent to the conference.

4. Какие модальные глаголы, вы знаете?

5. Чем отличаются модальные глаголы от других глаголов англий­ского языка?

6. Как различаются в употреблении глаголы саn и may? Дайте примеры.

7. Как образуется причастие I (Participle I)?

8. Как переводится причастие I (Participle I) на русский язык. Дайте примеры.

9. Как образуется причастие II (Participle II) правильных (стан­дартных) глаголов? Как читается окончание причастия II этих глаголов? Как образуется причастие II неправильных глаголов? Дайте примеры. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употреб­ление причастий I и II:

It is getting dark, switch on the light, please. That crying boy is her son. The text given to him is very difficult. The girl standing with your brother is my sister. Where is that metal used? Has he finished his experiment? It has been finished by 4.

4. Как переводятся на русский язык предложения с оборотом there is (there are)?

5. Каков порядок слов в вопросительных и отрицательных пред­ложениях с оборотом there is (there are)? Дайте примеры.

6. Как выражается отрицание в этом обороте? Дайте примеры.

7. Какое значение имеют суффиксы -ful и -less? Какие слова с этими суффиксами вы помните? Приведите примеры прилагательных с суффик­сами -ous, -ive.

8. Как образуются степени сравнения односложных и многосложных прилагательных?

9. Дайте примеры имен прилагательных с суффиксами -ful, -less, -able.

10. Какие префиксы прилагательных с отрицательным значением вы знаете? Дайте примеры.

11. Какие виды числительных вы знаете?

12. Как образуются числительные от 13 до 19?

13. Как образуются числительные 20, 30, 40 и т. д.?

14. Как образуются порядковые числительные?

15. Как читаются даты? Приведите примеры.

16. Как читаются простые и десятичные дроби?

17. В каких случаях употребляются количественные местоимения many, much, (a) few, (a) little? Дайте примеры.

18. Когда употребляются местоимения some, any? Дайте примеры.

19. В каких случаях местоимения some, any не переводятся на русский язык? Дайте примеры.

20. Назовите формы личных местоимений в объектном падеже.

21. Что такое многозначность слова? Переведите на русский язык:

Give me some water, please. Don't forget to water my flower. He bought only a bar of soap. He showed us a long bar. All exits were barred.

4. Какие предлоги места и времени вы знаете? Дайте примеры.

5. Какое значение имеют суффиксы -ist, -ег, -ог? Переведите: socialist, monopolist, novelist, teacher, doctor.

38. Какие слова с суффиксом -tion вы знаете? Приведите 2—3 примера.

39. Признаком какой части речи является суффикс -tion?

40. Какие суффиксы существительных вы знаете? Дайте примеры.

41. Какое значение имеют суффиксы прилагательных -ful и -less? Ка­кие слова с этими суффиксами вы помните? Приведите примеры прила­гательных с суффиксами -ous. -ive.

Основная литература: 1, 2. Дополнительная литература: 1-9.

Контрольная работа № 1 Вариант 1

I. Прочтите и переведите текст:

THE TOWER OF LONDON

The Tower of London has been called «The Cradle of the English race». It is the oldest palace, fortress and prison in Europe.

The great fortress was created by William the Conqueror nearly 900 years ago. The site was well chosen, the fortress commanded the river approaches to the city and it protected the king and government from the citizens of London.

The Tower of London is roughly square in shape with two lines of defensive walls enclosing the tower which for centuries has been known as the White Tower. The outer wall is defenced by six towers on the river face and by two semi-circular bastions at the north-east and north­west.

Over the centuries the Tower has served many purposes. It has been a citadel, a royal palace, a prison for dangerous offenders against the state.

The Tower is entered at the foot of Tower Нill. One of the most well-known towers is the Lion Tower. In this semicircular tower the royal menagerie was housed. In 1834 the menagerie was sent to Regent's Park where it formed the present London Zoo. The tower was then demolished.

The most terrible of them was Bloody Tower; Sir Thomas Moore was a prisoner there.

There have always been ravens at the Tower and some are still there. These large birds traditionally associated with ill-omen live on raw meat and offal, but their favourite food is raw eggs. They are unfriendly and it is unwise to touch or feed them.

There are six birds. Their wings are clipped so that they cannot fly away.

Every night at exactly seven minutes to 10 o'clock the oldest and most colourful ceremony takes place for the last 700 years in the same form as it is seen today.

П. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How many years ago was the Tower of London created? 2. What is the shape of the Tower? 3. What purposes has the Tower served over the centuries? 4. What formed the present London Zoo? 5. Why do six ravens live in the Tower?

III. Выпишите из текста интернациональные слова.

IV.Определите по суффиксу часть речи:

fourteen, spoken, amendment, biologist, brighten, coolly, brutal, cruelty, fuzzy, gabber

V. Выпишите из текста и переведите предложения с оборотом there is (are) и предложения, в которых глагол употребляется в настоящем неопределенном времени в действительном и страдательном залогах.

VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

board • a) Don't polish these boards, I don't like it. b) Who is on board that ship? c) When did he board the ship?

compose a) Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, b) He is composing a new song now, you'll hear it soon, c) The boy was crying bitterly but when he saw a toy he composed himself.

complaint a) He is full of complaints: this is not well and that is wrong, b) I have no complaints to make.

VII. Напишите 10 – 12 предложений по теме «My family». Вариант 2

I. Прочтите и переведите текст:

SMALL HOUSE OF PETER THE GREAT

A short distance from the Peter-and-Paul Fortress is the city's first dwelling. It is hidden within a red brick building with large windows. Now it is a museum, the Small House of Peter the Great (Domik Petra).

This little shingle-roofed log cabin was put up in three days in May

1703. The roof was decorated by two wooden mortars and cannon balls, also made of wood. The Tsar was the captain of an artillery company.

The log cabin has only two rooms divided by a narrow hall. The right one was Peter the Great's study and reception room, and the left one he used as a dining-room and bedroom. Being a very tall man (2-04 metres) the Tsar had to stoop to go through the door. It is recorded that Peter the Great did not like large rooms. When he was free he would watch the ships on the Neva River. This he did quite often as his house stood right at the edge of the water.

The walls of the house are covered with canvas as they were when Peter the Great was alive. There is a cast of his powerful hand; certain articles of furniture and household utensils have been restored. Just outside is a boat said to have been built by the Tsar himself.

On the opposite embankment is a stairway descending to the river, ornamented with unusual stone lions, Chinese representations of the mythological lion-frogs. They were presented to a Russian army officer, and have stood here, in front of Peter's house, since 1907.

Peter the Great's house is also on an island, but a much bigger one than Hare Island. Once it was called Birch Island, because birches grow there. Today, it is the Petrograd District.

The island now has many public parks and gardens.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Where is Small House of Peter the Great situated? 2. What is it now? 3. How many rooms are there? 4. What are the walls of the house covered with? 5. What are the opposite embankments ornamented with?

III. Выпишите из текста интернациональные слова.

VI. Определите по суффиксу часть речи:

centralization, comparatively, effusive, effuse, expansible, general, historic, majority, obliterate, offer

V. Выпишите из текста и переведите предложение: а) с глаголом в настоящем совершенном времени в страдательном залоге и б) с при­частием I.

VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

duty a) The duty of a postman is to deliver letters. b) He goes on duty at 9 a.m. and comes off duty at 6 p.m.

hit a) He hit his hand when he fell, b) His new novel is quite a hit. c) Several hours later they hit the right path in the wood.

paint a) They presented the girl with a box of paints. b) What are you painting there? c) This artist paints in oil.

VII. Напишите 10 – 12 предложений по теме «My studies at college».

Вариант 3

I. Прочтите и переведите текст

CATHEDRAL OF OUR LADY OF KAZAN

On the right side of Neva Avenue is a majestic semicircular colonnade of four rows of Corinthian columns to form a square with statues, flower beds and a fountain. This is the colonnade of the Cathedral of our Lady of Kazan (Kazansky Sobor) erected between 1801 and 1811 by a Russian architect Andrei Voronikhin.

The architect had to solve a lot of difficult problems. By means of the colonnade, Voronikhin intended to have the side facade just as imposing as the front entrance. Emperor Paul wanted the cathedral built on the model of St. Peter's in Rome. Voronikhin's solution was both original and quite independent. This becomes obvious if the cathedrals are compared. In Rome, the columns form an enclosed square whereas in Petersburg, the wings of the colonnade fan out towards the Avenue, connecting the entire edifice with the surrounding streets. In Rome, the colonnade is barely linked with the cathedral's portico and is much smaller. The columns of the Cathedral of our Lady of Kazan are the same height as the portico.

Cast iron was used here for the first time for building the dome which measures 17 metres in diameter.

The brick walls of the cathedral are faced with a light porous stone. This stone which was used for the columns and their capitals has an unusual quality: it is soft and can be cut with a plain saw; it gradually hardens, on exposure of the air. It is now as solid as brick.

On the western side of the square is an elegant cast-iron railing designed by Andrei Voronikhin, which is in complete harmony with the general ensemble.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Where is the Cathedral of our Lady of Kazan? 2. When was it erected? 3. Who was the architect of the cathedral? 4. What was Voronikhin's solution? 5. What material was used here for the first time for building the dome?

III. Выпишите из текста интернациональные слова.

IV. Определите по суффиксу часть речи:

untried, untouchable, tunable, subdivide, subdivision, standardize, weakly, soft, ordinal, opponent.

V. Выпишите из текста и переведите предложения:

а) с модальным глаголом have to, б) с глаголом to have в значении «иметь», в) с глаголом в настоящем неопределенном времени в страдательном залоге.

VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

turn a) He turned and saw us at last, b) The last turn of the river led them to a little village; c) The sick man took a turn for the ' better, d) They asked us questions by turns.

ugly a) He looked ugly at that time, b) You gave me an ugly task and I don't know how to solve it! c) Have you read "The Ugly Duckling" in your childhood?

stand a) Who is standing there near the door? b) At last the car came to a stand, c) The stands at the Moscow International Book Fair were very popular among the visitors.

VII. Напишите 10 – 12 предложений по теме «My home». Вариант 4

I. Прочтите и переведите текст:

THE UNIVERSITIES IN BRITAIN

There are more than forty universities in Britain. By 1970 about 10% of men aged eighteen to twenty-one were in universities-and about 4% of women.

All British universities are private institutions. Each has its own governing council. The state began to give grants to them fifty years ago. Students have to pay fees and living costs. Most students take jobs in the summer for about six weeks.

Each university has its own syllabuses, and there are some quite important differences between one and another. In general the Bachelor's degree is given to students who pass examinations at the end of three or four years of study, Bachelor of Arts for history, philosophy, language and literature, or Bachelor of Science or Commerce or Music. The classifi­cations are not the same in all universities, and students do not normally move from one university to another during their studies. Bachelors' degrees are at two levels, Honours and Pass. In some cases the Honours degree' is given for intensive study and examinations in one, two or perhaps three related subjects, while the Pass (or «General») degree may be somewhat broader. In other cases there is no difference between Honours and Pass courses, and the Honours degree is given to the students who are more successful in their examinations.

England had no other universities, apart from Oxford and Cambridge, until the nineteenth century. During the nineteenth century, institutions of higher education were founded in most of the biggest industrial towns.

For a long time they could not give degrees themselves, but prepared students for the London University examinations. All of them have now achieved independent status, some only since 1945.

П. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How many universities are there in Britain? 2. How many women were in universities by 1970? 3. Why do most students take jobs in the summer? 4. Who is given the Bachelor's degree? 5. When is the Honours degree given?

III. Выпишите из текста интернациональные слова.

IV. Определите по суффиксу часть речи:

dominate, domination, homage, justify, kindness, kindly, layer, logical, moneyless, hardly .

V. Выпишите из текста и переведите предложения: а) с глаголом to have в значении «иметь», 6) с глаголом в 3-м лице ед. числе настоя­щем неопределенном времени в страдательном залоге, в) с глаголом в прошедшем неопределенном времени в страдательном залоге.

VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

tap a) The young man stood near the door tapping his foot on the floor impatiently, b) Who left the taps running?

secure a) The people feel secure about their future.b) "Are you sure the ladder is secure?"

page a) What pages have you read in English? b) Please, take that work and page it.

VII. Напишите 10 – 12 предложений по теме «My working day».

Вариант 5

I. Прочтите и переведите текст:

THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN BRITAIN

There are more than forty universities in Britain but the names of the most famous institutions are Eton, Oxford and Cambridge; people do not always realize what place these institutions occupy in the whole educational system. Oxford and Cambridge are universities each having_s about 10,000 students. Eton is a public school, and the best known of the public schools, which, in spite of their name, are not really public at all, but independent and private secondary schools taking boys from the age of thirteen to eighteen years. The public schools in reality form a very small part of the whole system of secondary education; only about one out of forty English boys goes to a public school, and one per cent of 1,500 goes to Eton. Apart from public schools there is a complete system of state primary and secondary education. All children must, by law, receive full-time education between the ages of five and fifteen. Any child may attend, without paying, fees, a school, and the great majority attend such schools. They may continue, still without paying fees, until they are eighteen. Children, who continue at school until they are sixteen can take the examinations for the General Certificate of Education at Ordinary Level» This may be taken in any number of subjects. Many, after gaining this certificate leave school to start training .for various careers. Those who stay at school after passing .their examinations prepare themselves for an attempt to win a certificate at advanced level, usually in only three or four subjects. During the last years at school the pupils are almost obliged to specialize in narrow fields.

The academic year begins after summer holidays and is divided into three «terms»

Day-schools mostly work Mondays to Fridays only, from about 9 a.m. to between 3 and 4 p.m.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What are the names of the most famous institutions in Britain? 2. Who studies in Eton? 3. Who receives full-time education? 4. How old are children who take examinations for the «General Certificate of Education»? 5. How many «terms» is the academic year divided into?

III. Выпишите из текста интернациональные слова. Определите по суффиксу часть речи:

likely, buyer, chamber, characteristic, devotion, active, equipment, fruitfully, gaily

V. Выпишите из текста и переведите предложения: а) с оборотом there is (are), б) с причастием I (Participle I), в) с модальным глаголом must.

VI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

change a) «You've changed since I last saw you!» I said to my friend. b) Let us go this way for a change, c) Can you give me some change?

finger a) There are five fingers on each hand, b) I forbid you to lay a finger on the boy.

impression a) What were your first impressions of Kiev? b) It's my impression that he does not want to read this book. c) Fifty impressions of this book were sold yesterday.

man a) When I entered the room I saw a man and a woman there. b) Your friend is a man of character, isn't he? c) Does that man of straw help against birds?

VII. Напишите 10 – 12 предложений по теме «The place where I live». Вариант 6

I. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык:

THE WORK OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS

As a hundred years ago government in Britain is called «parliamentary government». It was true to say that the ministers held office only for so long as they continued to be supported by a majority in the House of Commons.

The two Houses of Parliament, the Lords and the Commons, share the same building, the Palace of Westminster. The present buildings of the Palace were erected between 1840 and 1852 to replace older buildings which had been destroyed by fire in 1834.

The Commons occupy the north part of the Palace, the Lords the south end. The part of the Palace of Westminster induces some hundreds of rooms, among which are library, restaurants, committee rooms and so on. Ministers have offices for themselves within the Palace of Westminster, but ordinary members do not.

The Commons debating chamber is usually called «The House». It has seats for only about 370 of its total membership of over 600. Members do not have special seats. The shape and arrangement of the House are of great political significance. It is rectangular, with the Speaker's chair at one end, and with five straight rows of benches running down one side along its whole length, and five rows on the other side so that the rows of benches face each other across the floor...

Members of the House of Commons have received salaries since 1911.

Each chamber has galleries, parts of which are kept for the use of the public. The beginning of a day's business is at 2.30 p.m. The office of the Speaker has a special importance. The choice of a new Speaker is made by a vote of the House.

The House of Commons meets every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday at 2.30 in the afternoon, and normally sits until 10.30 p.m. A light at the top of the clock tower, where the famous Big Ben strikes is kept on for so long as the House is sitting.

П. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How is government in Britain called? 2. What is the building the Lords and the Commons share? 3. When was the fire in London? 4. Where is the beginning of a day's business? 5. What is the sign that the House is sitting?

III. Выпишите из текста интернациональные слова,

IV. Определите по суффиксу часть речи и переведите слова на рус­ский язык:

moralist, moralize, morality, mainly, nomination, offensive, offender, quantity, tasteless, ready

V. Выпишите из текста предложения, иллюстрирующие: а) прошед­шее неопределенное время, страдательный залог (3-е лицо ед. числа), б) причастие I, в) настоящее совершенное время.

VI. Напишите 10 - 12 предложений по теме «My future profession».

Вариант 7

I. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык:

HERMITAGE, THE MUSEUM OF MUSEUMS

The State Hermitage, one of the world's famous art museums and the biggest in Russia is a must for the visitor to St.Petersburg. They say that if a mere half a minute were spent with each exhibit it would take nine years to examine them all, working seven hours a day without week-ends and vacations.

At present the Hermitage occupies several buildings, which are all connected. They are: the Little Hermitage, the Old or Second Hermitage, the Hermitage The­atre and the New Hermitage. The central building is the Winter Palace.

In 1852 the Hermitage was opened to the public as a museum on certain days, but common people were not admitted. The museum rooms were frequently closed to hold royal receptions, balls and suppers.

It was only after the Revolution that the Hermitage ceased to be an appendage of the Winter Palace. On the contrary, the palace is now part of the Hermitage exposition.

At the entrance to the Hermitage from the Winter Palace there still hangs a table with jocular rules for the guests compiled by Catherine II herself. Here are some of its 10 points:

1. Leave all ranks outside, together with hats and particularly swords.

3. Make merry, but do not spoil, break or gnaw anything.

8. If someone starts some innocent jokes, join in.

Hermitage is really the Museum of Museums.

It conducts lectures on the fine arts. Exhibitions are often held of works of art from the Hermitage store-rooms and from other Russian and foreign museums. The museum has a substantial library of books on art. Its restoration workshops have won world renown.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Where is the State Hermitage situated? 2. What was the central building of it? 3. When was the Hermitage opened as a museum? 4. What is there at the entrance? 5. Why is the State Hermitage called «The Museum of Museums»? 6. What work does the Hermitage do?

III. Определите по суффиксу часть речи и переведите слова на русский язык:

calculate, calculation, carefully, danger, dangerous, clear, close, closely, daily, early, explore, explorer, exploration, external, horison, horisontal, impor­tance, important, hard, hardly, nearly, near.

IV. Определите форму, функцию Participle I u Participle II и переведите пред­ложения на русский язык:

1. She is reading her new poem, listen. 2. What is that smoking old man? 3. Having lived here for a long time, he decided to leave the town. 4. The speech made in Greek was not understandable for him. 5. Who has done that work?

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

light 1. It is seven o'clock a.m. but it is still light here. 2. Don't help me, please, the box is light and I can carry it myself. 3. May I light a lamp?

water 1. Don't water this cactus, it doesn't like much water.

glass 1. Give me a glass of water, will you? 2. My glasses are broken. 3. Where is my looking-glass?

VI. Определите залог глагола и переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. The exhibition showed a new collection of pictures. 2. Some of the pictures were taken to other towns and were shown there. 3. I think this play will not be forgotten for years. 4. Have these houses been built of stone and cement? 5. His friend is showing him how to use a new dictionary.

VII. Напишите 10 – 12 предложений по теме «Sports in my life».

Вариант 8

I. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык:

THE KREMLIN

The heart of the city is the Kremlin built in the shape of a triangle on the elevated left bank of the Moskva river.

The Kremlin is surrounded by a high wall built by the Russian builders by order of Ivan III (1462-1505), and supervised by the Italian architects. The twenty towers on the Kremlin wall, which give it a unique aspect were built for deco­ration and have no military significance. They were constructed in the latter part of the seventeenth century when Moscow had ceased to be a fortress. Among the ancient buildings in the Kremlin are the churches and a tall bell tower built in 1600 bу Russian architects under Boris Godunov and known as the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great. The largest cathedral, the Uspenski (Assumption) was built in 1475-1479 by Aristotle Fioravante. The cathedral is oblong with an arched roof supported by four columns and crowned by fine golden domes. There are some very fine old frescoes, some of which were restored in 1920-1921. It was here that the Russian tsars and emperors were crowned.

The Archangel Cathedral built in 1505-1508 by the Italian architect, Aleviso Novy, is cubical in shape, with fine domes and shows the influence of the Italian Renaissance. The tombs of the Moscow princes and tsars are here. In the apse, not far from the altar are the graves of Ivan the Terrible, of his son Ivan, and of his second son, tsar Fyodor. The third of this group of churches is Blagoveschenski (Annunciation). It was built in 1484-1489 by architects from Pskov and enlarged during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. It is notable for the unusual oil paintings done in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries by the monk Andrei Rublev and his pupils, the greatest artists of the time. Facing the same square is the very beautiful build­ing known as Granovitaya Palata or Palace which was built in 1487-1491. In this palace the Moscow tsar held magnificent receptions in honour of foreign ambassa­dors. The Granovitaya Palace is connected with the enormous Grand Kremlin Palace.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. How many towers are there on the Kremlin walls? 2. What were they built for? 3. Were they constructed when Moscow had ceased to be a fortress? 4. What is the name of the tall bell tower built in 1600? 5. Where are the tombs of princes and tsars? 6. Who did the unusual oil paintings in Blagoveschenski Cathedral?

III. Определите по суффиксу часть речи и переведите слова на русский язык:

assemble, assembly, amuse, amusement, briefly, analyze, analysis, base, basic, basis, contrary, explain, explanation, extent, extreme, extremely, imagine, imag­ination, important, importance, largely.

IV. Определите функцию, форму Participle I u Participle II и переведите пред­ложения на русский язык:

1. Не is speaking French very fluently now, listen to him! 2. This man speak­ing to Boris is a new teacher of physics. 3. Having seen him so little, I can't tell you about his character. 4. The picture seen so little didn't impress him. 5. We have already seen his new picture. 6. His carelessness caused his failing at the examination.

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

result I. What is the result of your work? 2. Their work is resulted in an article.

empty 1. He entered an empty room and looked around. 2. Empty my bag, please.

VI. Напишите 10 – 12 предложений по теме «My hobbies».

Вариант 9

I. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык:

TRAFALGAR SQUARE

It is one of the centres of London. In the centre of the square you see the Nelson Column with the statue of Nelson on top. Admiral Nelson was killed in the battle at Trafalgar and the square was made to commemorate the victory of Nelson at Trafalgar.

The Column was erected in 1839-1842. The statue of Nelson was made by a well-known English sculptor Edward Bailey. Round the base there are four bronze carv­ings representing scenes from famous naval battles. Many years passed by before the four great lions were placed at the foot of the Nelson Column. They were done by Edwin Landseer. They say that these lions are copies of an old dead lion, which was sent to Landseer by the London Zoo to paint.

Trafalgar Square is known for another reason to all progressive people in Bri­tain: for its meetings and demonstrations which have been a tradition for many years. On the plinth of Nelson's Column trade-unionists, members of Parliament, leaders of the peace movement from many countries, have spoken to thousands of people who gather here to protest against war, racialism, oppression, and in solidarity with the peoples in countries where democratic rights have been taken away by military coups. It is a great sight to watch marchers from every part of London, and sometimes from places much further away, as they come into the square with their banners and slogans. Some of the banners are large and are the official banners of organizations such as the trade-unions, the Labour Party, the Communist Party and others.

II. Ответьте на вопросы

1. What is there in the centre of Trafalgar Square? 2. Why was the square named Trafalgar Square? 3. What are there round the base of the Column? 4. What is Trafalgar Square known for? 5. Why do people gather here?

III. Определите по суффиксу часть речи и переведите слова на русский язык:

indicate, indicator, inductance, fluorescence, amplification, amplifier amplify, bombardment, broadcasting, warmly, collide, collision, digital, disintegration, dull, lightly, light, wind, winding, smooth.

IV. Определите функцию, форму Participle I u Participle II и переведите пред­ложения на русский язык:

1. Are you listening to me? 2. A girl listening so attentively is a friend of mine. 3. Having finished his work, he looked at it with satisfaction. 4. We looked atten­tively at the people grouped at the picture. 5. Has he already seen that film?

V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

cause 1. What is the cause of your being late? 2. His illness caused him to stay at home.

plan 1. Make a plan of your lecture, please. 2. She is used to plan her day from the very morning.

nurse 1. She is a nurse in a hospital. 2. She likes to nurse her little sister and is very kind to her.

VI. Определите залог глагола и переведите предложения

1. What was he showing you when I entered? 2. That article will be read at the next lesson. 3. The visitors are being shown a new library. 4. Has she finished her work?

VII. Напишите 10 – 12 предложений по теме «My favourite places in Moscow».

Вариант10

I. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык:

CAMBRIDGE

Cambridge is world famous principally as a university city and undoubtedly owes much of its character and history to the develop­ment of the university and college during the past seven hundred years. Peterhouse, founded in 1284, was the first college and now there are twenty-two. Many of them are grouped together and with their buildings surrounding green courts, their fine chapels, halls and li­braries, and the tree-lined Backs, they create a picture of Cambridge as one of the most interesting and beautiful cities in Great Britain. The Backs, the pride of Cambridge, are a stretch of the river Cam which winds its placid way between the mellow walls of the colleges. Their smooth lawns are magnificent views. The scene across the Backs to the pinnacled King's College Chapel is breathtaking, and the Chapel itself, built between 1446 and 1515, is one of the great architectural glories of Britain.

Other Cambridge buildings worthly of note include the Round Church and the Fitzwilliam Museum, a treasure-house of original manuscripts, statuary, tapestry and archaeological discoveries.

Cambridge has not completed with other towns of similar size in the field of industrial expansion, but has successfully retained its true character as a university city. Nevertheless, many important light industries have been established in Cambridge.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Why is Cambridge world-famous? 2. When was the first col­lege founded? What was it? 3. How many colleges are there now? 4. What is the name of the river there? 5. What industries have been established in the city?

III. а) Определите по суффиксу часть речи и переведите слова на рус­ский язык:

journalist, signature, operation, remarkable, regular, scientific, science, separately, generally, fully

б) Определите по структуре слова, к какой части речи оно от­носится:

remember, multiplication, official, sensitive, scarcely, regularity, probably, principal, quality, receiver

IV. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные слова:

Floor 1. Wash the floor, please, it's dirty. 2. He has got a new flat on the eighth floor.

Water 1. Give me a cup of water, please. 2. Don’t forget to water my flowers,

V. Определите залог глаголов и переведите предложения

1. Has she done her work yet? 2. The students were told where to sit.3Will you discuss this question tomorrow. 4. Is he still working?

VI. Напишите 10 – 12 предложений по теме «My country Russia».

ЗАДАНИЕ II

Материал, который рекомендуется проработать

перед выполнением контрольной работы № 2

Название тем

Грамматика

1. Великие учёные. 2. Научные открытия. 3. Технический прогресс. 4. Защита окружающей среды.

Совершенное время (настоящее, прошедшее, будущее). The Perfect Tenses (Present, Past and Future). Утверди­тельная, вопросительная, отрицательная формы. Действительный залог. Согласование времен (The Sequence of Tenses). Прямая и косвенная речь (The Direct and Indirect Speech). Словообразование. Интернационализмы. Употребление настоящего времени в значении будущего в придаточных обстоятельственных предложениях. Безличные предложения

Вопросы для самопроверки

1. Найдите словосочетания, в которых определения выражены су­ществительными, стоящими перед другими существительными. Пере­ведите их на русский язык: long black pencils; his dirty hands; their soluable problem; Moscow state university club.

2. Как образуется и когда употребляется настоящее совершенное время (Present Perfect)? Приведите примеры.

3. Постройте вопросительную и отрицательную формы настоящего совершенного времени.

4. Объясните разницу в употреблении прошедшего неопределенного и настоящего совершенного времени на примерах: Не has already seen that film. He saw that film yesterday.

5. Какова формула образования прошедшего совершенного времени? Когда оно употребляется? Приведите примеры.

6. В каких предложениях действует правило согласования времен? В чем заключается это правило?

Найдите дополнительное придаточное предложение, которое пере­водится: а) настоящим временем, б) прошедшим, в) будущим:

Не said that he would enter the college. He said that his father was a worker at a plant. He said that his mother had been an actress.

Найдите и переведите предложение, в котором придаточное до­полнительное предложение переводится прошедшим временем:

a) Не said that we should tell this story later on.

b) They were told that they had to learn these new words.

c) She said that she had never heard about it.

d) 1 asked you if you were able to help me.

e) He said that he would be allowed to work with this device.

Найдите и переведите предложение, в котором придаточное допол­нительное предложение переводится будущим временем:

a) Не asked her who was with her.

b) He was asked what he would do next Sunday.

c) She was asked whether she was a sportswoman.

d) We are asked where we are going.

e) She asked me why 1 refused to take part in her experiment.

Найдите и переведите предложение, в котором придаточное допол­нительное предложение переводится прошедшим временем:

a) She said that his sister was a student of the University.

b) She said that she would go to her work by bus.

c) He wanted to know how many students had passed their examinations.

d) He was told that he checked our work.

e) She says that they are going to the South.

Найдите и переведите предложение, в котором придаточное допол­нительное предложение переводится настоящим временем:

a) They wanted to know what play had been on last Sunday.

b) She told us that she would pass her exam on Monday.

c) He was told that his sister had left for Leningrad.

d) They say that they were good friends.

e) She said that she was glad to see us.

Найдите и переведите предложение, в котором придаточное допол­нительное предложение переводится будущим временем:

a) She says that she lives near the college.

b) He said that he was told to take part in the conference.

c) They said that they had been given back their translations.

d) He said that 1 would take part in their experiment.

7. Найдите и переведите безличные предложения:

Where is my book? -It is on the table. It is his sister. It was raining when he looked out the window. It happened that they met at school. It is known that he was the best hockey-player.

7. Найдите обстоятельственные придаточные предложения времени и условия, в которых выражается будущее действие:

If the weather is nice, he goes for a walk. If the weather is nice, he will go for a walk. When you read the book, return it at once. They will walk till it gets dark.

7. Что такое интернационализмы? Дайте примеры интернационализмов, встречающихся в технической литературе.

8. Как образуются новые слова? Найдите слова, образованные при помощи; а) конверсии, б) аффиксации, в) чередования.

Who sings that beautiful songs? Is chemistry your favourite subject? Who likes rainy days? The «Izvestia» is our daily paper. Do you know that our group tries to modify that device? 35 + 35 is seventy. X-rays are invisible rays. That building has been reconstructed. Do you often watch T. V.? Have you got a new watch?

Основная литература: 1,2. Дополнительная литература: 1-9.

Контрольная работа №2 Вариант 1

I. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык.

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Albert Einstein, a well-known German physicist and mathematician, was born in Germany on March 14, 1879. His unusual ability to mathematics and physics began to show itself at a technical school in Zurich. At the age of 21, after four years of university study, Albert Einstein got a job as a clerk in an office. But already in 1905 he made revolutionary discoveries in science. He published three papers in the field of physics and mathematics. In the first he explained the photo­electric effect by means of Planck's quantum theory. The second paper developed a mathematical theory of Brownian motion. He presented his third paper on «Special Theory of Relativity» to a physical journal. Einstein expressed his theory in the equation E = me ², roughly that energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light.

All over the world scientists read the work with great surprise. Few physicists understood its impor­tance at that time. Everybody wanted to know as much as possible about the author. In which insti­tute did he teach? In what laboratory did he do his research?

Einstein's fame among scientists grew slow­ly but surely. For a few years he lived in Prague where he worked as a professor. When he came to Pra­gue, he often told his students: «I shall al­ways try to help you. If you have a problem, come to me with it, we shall solve it together.»

He liked questions and answered them at once, for there were no simple or foolish questions for him. He spoke much with his students about scientific problems and his new ideas. His advice to students was, «Don't take easy problems.»

In 1921 Einstein got the Nobel Prize in physics not for the theory of relativity but for a logical explanation of the photoelectric effect.

In 1922 he became a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his outstanding contributions to physics and mathematics.

On March 14, 1979 by UNESCO decision all people throughout the world celebrated the birth centenary of the great 20th century scientist.

II. Ответьте на вопросы.

1.What was Einstein? 2. When and where was he born? 3. What discoveries did Einstein make in 1905? 4. In what equation did he express his theory of relativity? 5. Did many scientists of that time understand the impor­tance of his discovery? 6. What prize did Einstein get in 1921? 7. What anniversary did people throughout the world celebrate in 1979?

III. Выпишите интернационализмы, встречающиеся в тексте.

IV. Выпишите термины, встречающиеся в тексте.

V. Образуйте существительные с помощью данных суффиксов. Переведите исходные и производные слова

-ity: equal, human, activ(e), relativ(e), productiv(e)

-ness: thick, black, great, rough

-ance: import(ant), assist(ant), dist(ant)

-ence: differ(ent), depend (ent), pres(ent), exist

-ency: effici(ent), depend (ent)

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, cодержащие:

a) Past Indefinite Passive Voice,

b) Future Indefinite Active Voice,

c) Present Indefinite Active Voice.

Вариант 2

I. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык.

D. I. MENDELEYEV — PRIDE OF RUSSIAN SCIENCE

The list of spheres of knowledge which Mendeleyev's genius touched upon is enormous. Chemistry, physics, earth sciences, metrology, economics, metallurgy and much else. Mendeleyev's legacy comprises 25 volumes, a third of them devoted to chemistry.

D. I. Mendeleyev, the outstanding Russian scientist, was born in Tobolsk in 1834. In 1850 at the age of 16 he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg to study chemistry. Five years later he graduated from it with a gold medal and was invited to lecture on theoret­ical and organic chemistry at St. Petersburg University. To continue his studies and research Mendeleyev was sent to Germany in 1859. While living abroad he made a number of important investigations.

The year 1868 was the beginning of his highly impor­tant work «Fundamentals of Chemistry». When working at the subject Mendeleyev analyzed an enormous amount of literature, made thousands of experiments and calcu­lations. This tremendous work resulted in the Table of Elements consisting of vertical groups and horizontal periods. Mendeleyev was the first to suggest a system of classification in which the elements are arranged in the order of increasing atomic weights. The main idea of the Periodic System is the idea of periodic repe­tition of properties with the increase of the atomic weights.

Arranging all the existing elements in the Table Mendeleyev had to overcome great difficulties, as a considerable number of elements were unknown at that time and the atomic weights of 9 elements (out of 63) were wrongly determined. Thanks to his investigations Men­deleyev was able to predict not only the existence of a few unknown elements but their properties as well. Later the elements predicted were discovered.

More than 350 works created by Mendeleyev deal with a great many subjects. Combining theory with practical activities he carried out enormous research in coal, iron and steel industries in Russia. He died in 1907 at the age of 73.

The achievements in chemistry and physics at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century made it necessary to reconstruct the Periodic Table taking into account new discoveries.

Time is the severest judge in science. After more than 100 years of its existence, the Periodic Law has preserved its full value and is being constantly developed with each new discovery.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What was D. I. Mendeleyev? 2. Where and when was he born? 3. What institute did he enter? 4. What subjects did he study at the institute? 5. When did he graduate from it? 6. When was he sent abroad? 7. In what year did Mendeleyev publish his Periodic Law of Elements? 8. What could the scientist predict thanks to his investigations? 9. Were these unknown elements dis­covered? 10. In what spheres of science did Mendeleyev carry out research? 11. When did he die?

III. Выпишите итернационализмы, встречающиеся в тексте.

IV. Выпишите термины, встречающиеся в тексте.

V. Образуйте слова с помощью префиксов. Переведите как исходные, так и производные слова.

re-: to construct, to make, to build, to heat, to produce

super-: man, critical, low, to cool, to heat

sub-: group, way, normal, tropical, to divide

over-: to work, to boil, to produce, to value, to pay, pressure

semi-: automatic, conductor, official, circle

inter-: national, atomic, act, change, communication

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, содержащие:

a) Present Perfect Active Voice,

b) Participle I и Participle II,

c) глагол to have to.

Вариант 3

I. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык.

ERNEST RUTHERFORD

(1871 – 1937)

Ernest Rutherford was born in New Zealand where he lived up to 1895. At the age of 19 after finishing school he entered the only New Zealand University founded in 1870. At that time there were only 150 students and 7 professors there. At the university Ernest took great interest in physics and developed a magnetic detector of radio waves. However, he was absolutely uninterested in the practical applications of his discoveries.

In 1895 Rutherford went to Cambridge where he con­tinued research under Thomson (1856—1940), the out­standing English physicist. There Rutherford studied the processes of ionization in gases and took great interest in radioactivity opened by Becquerel (1852-1908), a world-known French physicist. About ten years Ernest Rutherford lived and worked in Canada. Later he lectured in leading universities in the USA and England from 1907 till 1919.

Rutherford's famous work «The Scattering of Alpha and Beta Particles of Matter and the Structure of the Atom» dealt with so-called «atom models». All main Rutherford's works deal with the nuclear atom. The split­ting of the atom has opened to man a new and enormous source of energy. The most important results have been obtained by splitting the atom of uranium.

For working out the theory of radioactive disintegra­tion of elements, for determining the nature of alpha particles, for developing the nuclear atom, Rutherford was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry.

Rutherford created a school of talented physicists in the field of atomic research, scientists P. Kapitza and Y. Kchariton were among his pupils. E. Rutherford died in 1937 at the age of 66.

II. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.

1. The first university where Rutherford studied was in...

a) America; b) Europe; c) New Zealand.

2. The university was...

a) very old and well-known all over the world;

b) very small and quite new;

c) very large and rich in traditions.

3. At the university Rutherford became interested in...

a) physics; b) history; c) social sciences.

4. In 1908 E. Rutherford got Nobel Prize for...

a) his first scientific work;

b) the practical application of his investigations;

c) a number of researches in physics.

III. Выпишите интернационализмы, встречающиеся в тексте.

IV. Выпишите термины, встречающиеся в тексте.

V. Определите в составе слов суффикс и префикс. Ответьте, к какой части речи слова относятся.

Unlimited, disfunction, independent, subdivision, illogical, foresee, operator, motion.

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, содержащие:

а) Present Indefinite Active Voice,

b) Present Perfect Passive Voice,

c) Past Indefinite Passive Voice.

Вариант 4

I. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык.

A. S. POPOV – INVENTOR OF THE RADIO

The wireless receiving set or radio is one of the greatest achievements of human genius. Priority in the invention of radio belongs to the Russian scientist Popov. On the 7th of May we celebrate Radio Day because on that day in 1895 the Russian scientist Alexander Popov demonstrated his first radio set to a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.

A. S. Popov was born in 1859 in the Urals. While at school he spent all his free time on physics and mathematics. He studied at St. Petersburg University and graduated from it with honours, but was not satisfied with the conditions of the laboratories of the University and ac­cepted the post of teacher in the Mining School¹ in Kronstadt. There he began his research in electrical engi­neering.

The greater part of his life he devoted to the problem of the application of electromagnetic waves to wireless communication.

Popov worked on a sensitive receiving set whiсh could pick up² even the weakest radio waves. The year of 1895 is considered to be³ the date of the invention of the radio when Popov demonstrated his radio receiving set in operation. By the end of the year he improved his ap­paratus. It was the first radio receiving set in the world.

Since then, the art of radio communication has progres­sed a great deal.⁴ Many scientists and inventors made their contributions.

The radio has brought great changes to our life. At present Russia produces equipment for powerful broad­casting and television centres, and for radio-relay stations, electronic computers, radar stations, telecontrol and tele-metric systems, and other purposes.

NOTES

¹ the Mining School — Минная школа

² pick up — ловить

³ is considered to be — считается

⁴ a great deal — много, значительно, сильно

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Who is the inventor of the radio? 2. When do we celebrate Radio Day? 3. Where did A. S. Popov study and work? 4. What problem was he interested in? 5. When was the radio invented? 6. What is the practical use of radio communication? 7. What types of radio sets do you know?

III. Выпишите интернационализмы из текста.

IV. Выпишите термины из текста.

V. Определите в составе слов суффикс и префикс и ответьте какой частью речи являются слова:

Recollect, section, overcome, quality, gigantic, careless, visitor, certainly, undergo, unfortunate.

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, содержащие:

1. Present Indefinite Active Voice,

2. Present Perfect Active Voice,

3. Модальные глаголы.

Вариант 5

I. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык.

MARIE CURIE AND RADIUM

A French physicist, Henri Becquerel discovered that metal called uranium gave off a kind of radiation, which later Marie Curie called radioactivity. But where did this radiation come from and what was it like? Here was a secret of nature which she decided to discover. She made experi­ments again and again. There was failure, success, more failure, a little success, a little more success. All proved that m the mineral which she was examining there was some form of radiation which man knew nothing about. Life was rather hard. Marie wrote: «Life is not easy for any of us. We must work, and above all we must believe in ourselves.»

At this time her husband Piere Curie left his own labo­ratory work, in which he was successful, and joined with her in her search for this unknown radiation. In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radioactivity. To this something, still unseen, they gave the name radium. All this was very interesting, but it was against the beliefs of some of the scientists of that day. These scientists were very polite to the two Curies, but they could not believe them. The common feeling among them was: «Show us some radium, and we will believe you». 'There was an old building at the back of the school where Piere Curie had worked, with walls and the roof made of wood and glass. There were some old tables, a blackboard and an old stove in it. It was not much better than a shed. The Curies moved in and set up their labo­ratory and workshops. Here for four very difficult years they worked, weighing and boiling and measuring and calculating and thinking. The shed was hot in summer and cold in winter, when it rained, water dropped from the ceiling. But in spite of all these discomforts, the Curies worked on. For them these were the four happiest years of their lives. One evening in 1902 they went to their labo­ratory again. They opened the door. «Don't light the lamps,» said Marie. «Look... look!»

And there, glowing with faint blue light in the glass test-bubes on the tables, was the mysterious something which was so hard to find: Radium.

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What did Marie Curie discover? 2. Who worked together with her? 3. What was the scientists' attitude to the Curies? 4. Under what conditions did they work? 5. What did they see one evening in the laboratory?

III. Выпишите интернационализмы из текста.

IV. Выпишите термины из текста.

V. Определите в составе слов суффикс и префикс и ответьте к какой части речи слова относятся.

Represent, unusual, truthfully, supporter, typical, venture, unable, welder, irregular, productivity.

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, содержащие:

a) Past Perfect Active Voice,

b) Future Indefinite Active Voice,

c) модальные глаголы.

Вариант № 6

I. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык.

THE FATHER OF ASTRONAUTICS

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a cheerful, eccentric, self-educated genius. Deaf from scarlet fever¹ at childhood, he had no formal schooling. But he was a natural mathe­matician, a practical inventor who made his own labo­ratory equipment, a writer of science fiction and a research worker. He was born in 1857 in Kaluga. In March, 1883

Tsiolkovsky completed an extraordinary accurate work Free Space, on how it was possible to orbit a sputnik around: the Earth. This was probably the first use of the word «sputnik». Free Space was published in 1954 though he quoted² some parts of it in his Dreams of Heaven and Earth published in Moscow in 1895. He wrote: «An Earth sputnik, similar to the Moon, but nearer to our planet, just about 300 versts from the Earth's surface will represent a very small mass free from the pull of gravitation.»

He discussed how to create sputniks and the speed (скорость) of their movement in orbit. Sixty-two years later, when the first sputnik was launched, it orbited at a height of about 300 versts and its speed reached eight versts a second, as the old scientist had told.

This self-taught scientist — most of his learning came from library shelves — was not interested only in the theory of space travel³. In 1878 he constructed a primitive centrifuge to test — on chickens and mice — the effect of acceleration and overloading on living organisms.

At this time, too, he sketched instruments which could simulate conditions of weightlessness on the ground. Now all these sketches and manuscripts are in his museum-home at Kaluga, about 100 miles west of Moscow.

In his work on the effects of speed he developed the principle of hermetically sealed space capsules similar to the one used by Gagarin. Experiment on stresses on the human body is still carried today.

In 1903 Tsiolkovsky published the Scientific Review on Space Research by Jet Engines, a work which is widely read today by specialists in this field.

His life changed with the revolution, and practically everything he wrote saw the light of day. The principles for multi-stage rockets were described by Tsiolkovsky. On his 75th birthday meetings were held throughout the former Soviet Union to honour him as «the father of astronautics». The government awarded him the «Red Banner of Labour». He died in 1935 confident that his lifetime's work would be realized.

NOTES

¹ scarlet fever — скарлатина

² he quoted — он цитировал

³ space travel — космическое путешествие, зд. косми­ческие полеты

II. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What sciences was Tsiolkovsky interested in? 2. What books by Tsiolkovsky were published? 3. What did Tsiolkovsky write about Earth sputniks? 4. What experi­ments did he make with the centrifuge? 5. Did he know about the phenomenon of weightlessness? 6. Which of Tsiolkovsky's principles was used by Gagarin? 9. What do you know about the museum in honour of «the father of astronautics» in Kaluga?

III. Выпишите интернационализмы из текста.

IV. Выпишите термины из текста.

V. Определите в составе слов суффикс и префикс и ответьте к какой части речи слова относятся.

Mathematics, practical, inventor, discussion, descriptive, scientific, equipment, speciality, recommendation.

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, содержащие:

1. Present Indefinite Passive Voice,

2. Past Perfect Active Voice,

3. Past Indefinite Passive Voice.

Вариант 7

I. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык.

M. V. LOMONOSOV

The Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov was born in 1711, in the village of Denisovka near the town of Kholmogory, Archangelsk Gubernia, to the family of a fisherman. Taught to read and write by a literate fellow-villager, Lomonosov had soon read all the books he could obtain in his village. At the age of 17 he left his native village, and made his way to Moscow. In Moscow he succeeded to enter the Slav-Greek-Latin Academy, the only higher educational institution in Moscow at that time. Neither the conditions of work nor material difficulties discouraged young Lomonosov. His brilliant capabilities and hard work enabled him to complete the seven-grade curriculum of the Academy in four years. Lomonosov did not finish the last grade, as he was transferred together with eleven others of the best pupils to Petersburg to study at the University of the Academy of Sciences.

Less than a year after he came to Petersburg Lomo­nosov was sent abroad to study metallurgy and mining. In 1741, after his return to Russia Lomonosov was appointed Adjunct of the Academy in the class of physics and soon became a professor in chemistry and a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Explaining chemical phenomena through the laws of physics, Lomonosov founded a new science, namely, physi­cal chemistry.

Lomonosov was not only a talented scientist, but a materialist philosopher as well. Examining the phenomena of nature, he came to the materialistic conclusion on the fundamental question of philosophy — that of the rela­tion of thought to being. He gave all his energy to the promotion of Russian science. In 1755 Moscow Uni­versity was founded thanks to the efforts and after the project of Lomonosov. This university became a major centre of Russian enlightenment and science.

Lomonosov died in 1765, at the age of 54.

II. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What family was M. Lomonosov born to? 2. Who taught him to read and write? 3. Where did Lomonosov study? 4. Why didn't Lomonosov finish the last grade of the Academy? 5. How did Lomonosov get to Moscow? 6. Did Lomonosov study only in Russia?

III. Выпишите интернационализмы из текста.

IV. Выпишите термины из текста.

V. Определите в составе слов суффикс и префикс и ответьте к какой части речи слова относятся.

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, cодержащие:

a) Past Perfect Active Voice,

b) Future Indefinite Active Voice,

c) модальные глаголы.

Вариант 8

I. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык:

COMPUTERS

We must list the essential constituent parts of a digital general purpose computer as follows. First, are stores (sometimes called memory) for holding numbers, both those forming the data of the problem and those generated in the course of the calculation. It is also used for storing program instructions. Second, an arithmetic unit, a device for performing calculations on those numbers. Third is a control unit, a device for causing the machine to perform the desired operations in the correct sequence. Fourth, input device for displaying the results of a calculation. The input and output devices are called peripherals.

The usual method for inputting data for processing into a computer is via an input peripheral as a punched card reader or punched paper tape reader or from mag­netic tape. The computer is programmed to accept data in any or all of these media. The computer operator, in order to start the input process, will type a «go» message on the console typewriter. For real time processing the operator will use an interrogating typewriter. This asks a question of the computer about the state of specific files of data already on line to the computer. The data may be stored, or it may be stored according to a plan desired by the programmer. It may be merged with existing information already in the store. Or, if we want immediate «answer» or output it could be big computer results as numbers, symbols or words. These vary from high-speed printers to electric typewriters.

II. Задайте вопросы по тексту.

III. Выпишите интернационализмы, встречающиеся в тексте.

IV. Выпишите термины, встречающиеся в тексте.

V. Определите в составе слов суффикс и префикс. Ответьте, к какой части речи слова относятся:

unusual, unexpected, relay, overlap, transmission, ultrasonic, non-inter­ference, outbalance, subconscious, extraordinary.

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, содержащие:

a) Present Indefinite Passive Voice, b) Future Indefinite Active Voice, c) Present Indefinite Active Voice (3 лицо, ед. ч.).

Вариант 9

I. Прочтите и переведите текст на русский язык:

DO TRANSLATING MACHINES EXIST?

Translating machines have been built many times. None of them, however, has done its job well enough to be put into practical use. However, research on translating machines has gone on continuously, ever since the birth of the electron­ic computer in the late 1940s. Electronic computers are the only kind of machine with which one could hope to translate one language into another. Most attempts to do so have used general-purpose computers; the problem, then, is to write programmes, or lists of instructions, which will enable the computer to carry out the many logi­cal processes involved in translating.

Let us suppose that we have a French text to be translated into English, and it is in a form which the machine can read — it might be on paper tape with holes punched in it. The first step in the translation process is for the machine to «look up» each French word in its own internal dictionary. Of course, merely substitut­ing an English equivalent doesn't produce an intelligible translation. The machine also has to know something about grammar, in order to analyze the relations be­tween the words of each French sentence and then construct a corresponding English sentence. Machines which can do this with various languages have been built in several countries including the USA, Britain and France. However, the resulting «translations» have sometimes been bizarre. The commonest problem is where a word could mean either of two different things. A human translator would know which meaning to choose from the context. But machines have been known to make the wrong choice — with hilarious results!

II. Задайте вопросы по тексту.

III. Выпишите интернационализмы, встречающиеся в тексте.

IV. Выпишите термины, встречающиеся в тексте.

V. Определите в составе слов суффикс и префикс. Ответьте, к какой части речи слова относятся:

represent, reaction, dismission, semiconductor, transducer, remove, unable, uncertain, unexpected, unknown.

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, содержащие;

a) Participle I, b) Present Perfect Active Voice, c) Present Indefinite Active Voice (отрицательные предложения в 3 лице ед. ч.).

Вариант 10

I. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык.

WHAT DO THE WORDS «HOT», «COLD» AND «TEMPERATURE» MEAN?

The words «hot», «cold», and «temperature» are associated in our minds with the subject of heat most of our ideas about hot or cold resulting from our everyday ex­periences with heated or cooled objects. However, «hot» and «cold» are very general terms.

Calling a summer day «extremely hot» is an ordinary thing with us. We generally forget that the actual temperature is certainly not so high as that which is caused by a «hot fire» in a fireplace. As an example, consider the case of two men, one of them is a fireman on a locomotive and the other—a worker in a cold-storage plant. The sur­roundings of the locomotive fireman are certainly hot, the temperature greatly exceeding that of a hot summer day. Thus, on leaving his hot surroundings at the end of a day's work the locomotive fireman will find that the warm summer evening is quite cool . On the other hand, when the worker of the cold-storage plant being out on a hot summer day stops working and leaves his cold surroundings he may call that very evening extremely hot.

If you have ever entered the cellar of a large building after being out on a hot summer day, you have probably thought the cellar a very cool place. On the other hand, if you reenter that same cellar after being out on a cold day in winter, you will find that the temperature in the cellar is much warmer than in the street The actual temperature in such a cellar probably does not vary more than a few degrees from summer to winter but it seems «cool» at one time and «warm» at another. As we have already seen, our temperature sensations are unreliable, indeed.

Besides, being often used in our everyday speech, the words «hot», «cold», «tempera­ture» are also basic terms that are scientifically defined when heat is studied. Here, as in many other cases in science, it is necessary to remember that the scientist must define his terms and phenomena with great precision.

The temperature of a body is not a measure of the quantity of energy that this body contains, as some people think, it is, rather, a measure of the intensity of the molecular motion. For a given object, the temperature is proportional to, rather, than equal to this amount of energy.

II. Задайте вопросы к тексту.

III. Выпишите из текста интернационализмы.

IV. Определите в составе слова корень, суффикс и префикс. Ответьте, к какой части речи относятся слова:

subdivisions, dewater, reenter, withstand, wooden, signature, dryly, hardly, horseless, immovable.

V. Выпишите термины, встречающиеся в тексте.

VI. Найдите в тексте и выпишите предложения, содержащие:

а) Present Indefinite Active Voice (3 л., ед. ч.),

b) Present Perfect Active Voice,

c) Present Indefinite Passive Voice.

Рекомендуемая литература

Основная

1. Парахина А. В., Чернухин А. Е. Учебник английского языка для вечерних и заочных средних специальных учебных заведений. - М., 1980.

2. Бонк Н.А., Котий Г.А., Лукьянова Н.А. Учебник английского языка. Часть 1. - М., 2000.

Дополнительная

1. Парахина А.В. Техника перевода специальных текстов с английского языка на русский. - М., 1980.

2. Андрианова Л.Н., Багрова Н.Ю., Ершова Э.В. Учебник английского языка для заочных технических вузов. - М., 1987.

3. Буренина Л.К., Консон С.Б. Учебник английского языка для средних учебных заведений. - М.: Высшая школа, 1982.

4. Синельникова Н.М., Барбарига А.А. Учебник английского языка для средних учебных заведений. - М.: Высшая школа, 1982.

5. Большой англо-русский словарь под редакцией Гальперина И. Р. и Медниковой Э.М. - М., 1987.

6. Англо-русский словарь под редакцией Ахмановой Г.Л., Уилсон В. -М., 1987.

7. Русско-английский словарь под редакцией Ахмановой Г.Л. - М., 1987.

8. Англо-русский политехнический словарь.

9. Англо-русский и русско-английский словарь под редакцией Литвиновой А.М. - М., 1987.

Данилкина Ольга Николаевна

Английский язык

Техническое редактирование и компьютерная верстка Чекан Н.В.

Подписано в печать 18.01.2005. Формат 6084 1/16 Гарнитура Таймс.

Усл. печ. л. 2,5. Тираж 20 экз. Зак. № 07-05

Лицензия на издательскую деятельность

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Издательство ГГХПИ, 140155, Московская обл., Ново-Харитоново.

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