- •Contents
- •Unit 1 language as the main means of communication: its origin and functions
- •The Origin of Language
- •Vocabulary
- •The Functions of Language
- •Individual work
- •Unit 2 the english language as lingua franca
- •The Variety of Modern English Original influences from overseas
- •American English
- •Influence of Empire
- •English as a Global Language
- •English around the world
- •An international language
- •Vocabulary
- •Individual work
- •Unit 3 genres of literature famous ukrainian writers and their works
- •The Man and the Symbol (abridged)
- •Vocabulary
- •Introduction
- •Individual work
- •Unit 4 famous english writers and their works
- •Three Men in a Boat (To Say Nothing of the Dog)
- •Vocabulary
- •The Great Mouse Plot
- •Individual work
- •Unit 5 famous american writers and their works
- •Chapter VII The Lure of the Material: Beauty Speaks for Itself
- •Vocabulary
- •Introduction (consists of 1 paragraph)
- •Individual work
- •Supplementary reаding reading 1 Language as the Main Means of Communication
- •Language and Culture
- •Reading 2 History of the English Language
- •Old English (450-1100 ad)
- •Middle English (1100-1500)
- •Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800)
- •Late Modern English (1800-Present)
- •Varieties of English
- •Reading 3 ukrainian literature. Early developments
- •Ukrainian literature. The 19th century
- •Ukrainian literature. The 20th century
- •Reading 4 The Book of the Century (abridged)
- •Reading 5 The Da Vinci Code: the Facts Behind the Fiction
- •Is the Holy Grail really the "sacred feminine?"
- •Is the "Priory of Sion" a real group?
- •Explanation of literary terms
- •Список використаної літератури
- •Roald Dahl
- •John Ronald Reuel Tolkien
Ukrainian literature. The 19th century
Nineteenth-century Ukrainian writers greatly contributed to the reawakening of Ukrainian national consciousness under the Russian Empire. Indeed, practically the entire development of Ukrainian literature in the 19th century occurred under official Russian disfavour; in 1863 and 1871, for instance, all publications in the Ukrainian language were prohibited. Not until 1905 did the Russian Academy of Sciencesconcede that Ukrainian was indeed a separate language.
Ivan Kotliarevsky, classicist poet and playwright, inaugurated modern Ukrainian literature with his "Eneyida" (1798), a burlesque travesty of Vergil's "Aeneid" that transformed its heroes into Ukrainian Cossacks. Kotlyarevsky's works were very popular with the common people and spawned a number of imitations.
In the 1830s the city of Kharkiv became the centre of Ukrainian Romanticism, and under the latter's influence the authors Izmayil Sreznevsky, Levko Borovykovsky, Amvrosy Metlynsky and Mykola Kostomarov published ethnographic materials and collections of folk legends and Cossack chronicles. In western Ukraine Romanticism was represented by the "Ruthenian Triad": Markiyan Shashkevych, Yakiv Holovatsky and Ivan Vahylevych. In the 1840s these two outlying areas were bridged by the development of Romanticism in Kiev; the Romantic movement reached its peak there and found its highest expression in the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius (1846). This group's ideology was reflected in Kostomarov's biblical Knyhy bytiya ukrayinskoho narodu ("Books of Genesis of the Ukrainian People"), which called for an end to tsarist rule and the creation of a free, democratic Ukraine within a Slavic federation.
The early poetry of Taras Shevchenko, the outstanding Ukrainian poet of the 19th century, expressed the interests of the Romantics but soon moved to portrayal of Ukrainian history, especially in the long poem "Haydamaky" (1841; "The Haidamaks"), and to works satirising Russia's oppression of Ukraine, e.g. "Son" ("The Dream"), "Kavkaz" ("The Caucasus"), and "Poslaniye" ("The Epistle"). His later poetry, written after his release (1857) from exile, treats broader themes. After Shevchenko, the most important Romantic was Panteleimon Kulish, poet, prose writer, translator, and historian ("Chorna rada"; "The Black Council").
Ukrainian realism, which begins with Marko Vovchok ("Narodni opovidannya", 1857; "Tales of the People"), was long confined to populist themes and the portrayal of village life. Realist poetry developed with the work of Stepan Rudansky and Leonid Hlibov. The novelist Ivan Nechuy-Levytsky's work ranged from the portrayal of village life in "Kaydasheva simya" (1879; "The Kaydash Family") to that of the Ukrainian intelligentsia in "Khmary" (1908; "The Clouds"). Panas Myrnv (pseudonym of Panas Rudchenko) was the major representative of Ukrainian realism. His depiction of social injustice and the birth of social protest in the novel "Khiba revut voly, yak yasla povni?" (1880; "Do the Oxen Low When the Manger Is Full?") has a new psychological dimension. Ivan Franko wrote dramas, lyric poetry, short stories, and
children's verse, but his naturalistic novels chronicling contemporary Galician society and his long narrative poems "Moysey" ("Moses"), "Panski zharty" ("Nobleman's Jests") and "Ivan Vyshensky" mark the height of his literary achievement.
The modernism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is first evident in the poetic dramas of the finest Ukrainian woman writer, Lesya Ukrayinka, and in the prose of such writers as Mykhaylo Kotsyubynsky and Vasyl Stefanyk.