Зміст завдання та методичні рекомендації до виконання
МР складаються з 2 частин. Кожна частина містить завдання, які складаються з 3 варіантів, кожен варіант складається з трьох текстів, об’єднаних загальною темою, лексичного мінімуму та вправ, які виконуються письмово. Один з текстів – спільний для аналізу та опрацювання навчального матеріалу на практичному занятті з усіма студентами академічної групи. Другий має аналогічні з першим текстом завдання для самостійной роботи студентів. Перший і другий тексти призначені для вивчаючого читання. Третій текст має своєю метою загальне розуміння змісту і призначений для ознайомлювального читання.
Порядок зарахування роботи – перевірка знання лексичного мінімуму (20 – 30 л.од.), перевірка читання текстів та виконання вправ і співбесіда із захисту письмового та ознайомлювального читання текстів.
При читанні текстів слід дотримуватися вимог:
Текст 1, Текст 2:
Вивчити слова и словосполучення;
Прочитати та перекласти текст з використанням галузевих, термінологічних словників та словників скорочень. Перекладаючи проводити лексико - граматичний аналіз, виконувати семантизацію термінів і дотримуватись адекватного перекладу;
Виконати вправи після текстів.
Текст 3:
Прочитати та перекласти текст без використання словника протягом 10 хвилин . Розуміння всіх деталей тексту не є обов’язковим. При читанні тексту треба вміти :
а) здогадуватися про значення незнайомих слів на основі словотворчих ознак та контексту;
б) бачити інтернаціональні слова та встановлювати їх значення;
в) знаходити знайомі граматичні форми й конструкції та встановлювати їх еквіваленти у рідній мові;
г) застосовувати знання зі спеціальних предметів в якості основи змістової та мовної здогадки.
Оформлювання самостійної роботи:
а) виконувати роботу з перекладу текстів у окремому зошиті, на обкладинці написати прізвище студента, групу , факультет, прізвище викладача, назву учбового закладу, дату виконання, варіант;
б) робота повинна включати не тільки виконання завдань, а й самі завдання, а також широкі поля для приміток та вказівок викладача.
Форма закріплення варіанта:
Номери залікових книжок на… |
1 або 2 |
3 або 4 |
5 або 6 |
7 або 8 |
9 або 0 |
Варіант завдання |
№1 |
№2 |
№3 |
№4 |
№5 |
1 Курс I семестр
Варіант 1
Ex.1 Study the vocabulary:
mother tongue (syn. native language)–рідна мова
important –важливий
impose –нав’язувати
means of communication –засоби спілкування
majority –більшість
property –власність, надбання
need –потребувати
use - використовувати
establish business relations –встановлювати ділові відносини
competitive -конкуруючий
demand –попит
commerce –торгівля
boundary – кордон
diversity - різноманітність
lowland – низина
tributary – притока
provide - забезпечувати
trade – торгівля
rich – багатий
enterprise – підприємство
produce – виробляти
consumer goods – споживчі товари
executive branch – виконавча влада
legislative branch – законодавча влада
general election – загальні вибори
judicial branch – судова влада
responsibility – відповідальність
foreign affairs – закордонні справи
law-making body – законотворчий орган
participate – брати участь
Ex. 2 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary in writing. Do exercises after the text.
English as a World Language
1. More than three hundred million people speak English as their native language. English is their first language. They live in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Six hundred million people speak English as an official, second language. They live in India, Pakistan, Nigeria. But at least one hundred million people now study English as a foreign language. They live in Spain, Greece, Portugal, Mexico, Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, Argentina, China, Poland – almost everywhere. Therefore, at least one thousand million people can read, speak, write and understand English today.
2. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This export of the English language began in the 17th century. For a long time English was the most important language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was imposed on the enslaved nations as the only means of communication. Nowadays the majority of the former British colonies are independent but English has not lost its dominant position there.
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the property of all cultures. It is now the international language. In the modern world, people need English for work and for international communication. We can use English to help us meet new people and establish business relations around the world.
4. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial development. Information is sent and received at increased speed. The competitive demands of governments, industries, and corporations, both national and multinational, for technological progress require an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
5. English is also an international language of commerce, the main language of airports, air traffic control and international shipping. It is the language of diplomacy and sport. English is one of five languages used in the United Nations Organization (with French, Russia, Spanish and Chinese) and the language used by the International Olympic Committee. It is the working language during the meetings of the General Assembly and the Security Council o f the UNO.
6. English is studied as a foreign language in educational establishments of our country.
Ex.3 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Рідна мова; офіційна мова; міжнародна мова; поневолені народи; засоби спілкування; колишні британські колонії; зверхнє (домінуюче)положення; політичні та культурні зв’язки; міжнародне спілкування; встановлювати ділові відносини; навколо світу; економічна модернізація; промисловий розвиток; прискорений темп; технологічний прогрес; міжнародні перевезення вантажу; робоча мова; навчальні заклади.
Ex. 4 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
foreign language need
General Assembly commerce
Security Council competitive
majority independent
Ex. 5 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following
sentences:
1. English has become a world language because of its … as a … outside England, in all the continents of the world.
2. For a long time English was the most … language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was … on the enslaved nations as the only … .
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the … of all cultures.
4. We can … English to help us meet new people and establish … around the world.
5. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial
… .
6. The competitive … of … , industries, and corporations, both national and … , for technological progress … an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
7. English is also an international language of … , the main language of airports, … and international shipping.
means of communication; multinational; property; important; commerce; use; imposed; demands; development; air traffic control; mother tongue; governments; require; establishment; business relation |
Ex. 6 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. What countries is English spoken as the first/second/foreign language in?
2. What position had English in the 17th century?
3. Why is English becoming the property of all cultures?
4. What requires an understanding of English?
Ex. 7 Pay attention to the pronunciation and translation of geographical names before reading the text:
1.Hungary 2.The Carpathian Mountains 3.The Crimean Peninsula 4. The Crimean Mountains 5.Goverla 6. The Dnieper Upland 7. The Mediterranean Sea 8. Danube |
Угорщина Карпати Кримський півострів Кримські гори Говерла Дніпровська височина Середземне море Дунай |
Ex. 8 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary orally. Translate paragraphs 3, 4, 13, 14 in writing. Do exercises after the text.
Ukraine
1. Ukraine is situated in the south-eastern part of Central Europe, and it borders on other European countries: Russia, Byelorus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova and Romania. The territory of our country is about 603,700 square kilometers. The population of our country is about 48 million people.
2. The territory of Ukraine is mostly a level treeless plain, called the steppe. Ukraine is not a mountainous country, though there are Crimean Mountains in the Crimean Peninsula and the Carpathian Mountains with the highest peak Goverla (2061) in the west of the country. The Carpathians are the only mountainous natural boundary of Ukraine. The Crimean Mountains are close to the second natural boundary of Ukraine – the Black Sea and the Azov Sea in the south. Ukraine enjoys generally a temperate continental climate.
3. The Ukrainian landscape can’t be called monotonous, it has some diversity as its plains are broken by highlands as well as by lowlands. The largest highland area is the Dnieper Upland. It is broken by many rivers, valleys, ravines, some of them more than 1,000 feet deep.
4. The main river in the country is the Dnieper which is the third longest in Europe. One of the oldest Ukrainian cities, its capital Kyiv is situated on both sides of this wide and powerful river. The Dnieper has many tributaries which unify central Ukraine economically, connecting the Baltic coasts countries with the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The mouth of another Ukrainian river, the Danube, provides an outlet for our country’s trade to the Balkans, Austria and Germany. The Danube River connects Ukraine with 7 European countries. Other less important rivers of Ukraine are the Dniester, the Southern Bug, the Desna, the Prypyat, the Severskiy Donets and about 70 thousand small rivers.
5. Ukraine is not very rich in mineral resources but there are deposits of coal in the Greater Donbas and deposits of iron ore, gas, non-ferrous metals, oil, mineral salts and clay in other regions of Ukraine.
6. The biggest cities of Ukraine are Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhiya, Donetsk, Odesa, Mikolaiv and some others. Main industrial enterprises are concentrated in and around them. They produce planes, turbines, different kinds of machines and equipment, and various consumer goods.
7. Ukraine is a sovereign state whose independence was declared on August 24, 1991. The country has a democratic political system which means that its executive branch is headed by the president with strong powers, and its legislative branch is represented by a national parliament.
8. The president is elected to a five-year term is the commander-in-chief of the military forces and can issue orders without the approval of the parliament. The first president of Ukraine was Leonid Kravchuk. In 1994 people elected a new president, Leonid Kuchma, and Ukraine entered a new phase of development. In 1999 he was re-elected to a new term of presidency. The last presidential election was conducted in 2004. Victor Yushchenko was declared the winner and was sworn in as the third President of Ukraine on January 23, 2005.
9. Ukraine’s parliament, called Verkhovna Rada (the Supreme Council ), is the nation’s law-making body. It has one chamber consisting of 450 members who are elected by voters at general elections to a five-year term.
10. Judicial branch in Ukraine is represented by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.
11. The president is assisted by a Cabinet of Ministers whose responsibilities lie in the areas of foreign affairs, home policy, economy, science and technology, industry, law and humanitarian matters. The Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister who is appointed by the president and approved by the majority of the Parliament.
12. In other words, it is possible to say that state power in Ukraine is based on the division of authority into legislative, executive and judicial branches, and Ukraine can be called a country with a parliamentary-presidential form of government.
13. Administratively Ukraine is divided into 24 regions, called “oblasty”. Crimea, which is also part of our country, has a special status of an autonomous, self-governing republic. Each region has its local government bodies which are responsible to the Cabinet of Ministers and the President.
14. The main trend of foreign policy in Ukraine is to live in peace with the rest of the world community, to co-operate with other countries and participate in European and world structures through membership in the United Nations and other international political, economic and cultural organizations.
Ex. 9 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Межувати з країнами; безліса рівнина; гориста країна; помірний континентальний клімат; розташовуватися по обидві сторони; мати різноманітність; могутня річка; об’єднувати економічно; забезпечувати вихід; бути багатим на корисні копалини; кольорові метали; промислові підприємства; споживчі товари; незалежна держава; демократична політична система; головнокомандувач збройних сил; схвалення парламенту; законодавчий орган; загальні вибори; президентські вибори; виконавча влада; внутрішня політика; державна влада; розподіл влади; парламентарно-президентська форма правління; зовнішня політика; міжнародні економічні та культурні організації.
Ex. 10 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
highland iron ore
valley responsibility
enterprise foreign affair
Supreme Court oil
general election participate
Ex. 11 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following sentences:
1. The territory of Ukraine is mostly a level treeless … , called the steppe.
2. The Carpathians are the only mountainous natural … of Ukraine.
3. The Ukrainian landscape has some … as its plains are broken by highlands as well as by … .
4. The Dnieper has many … which unify central Ukraine economically
5. The mouth of another Ukrainian river, the Danube, … an outlet for our country’s … to the Balkans, Austria and Germany.
6. Main industrial enterprises … planes, turbines, different kinds of machines and equipment, and various consumer … .
7. The country has a democratic political system which means that its … is headed by the president with strong powers, and its … is represented by a national parliament.
8 … in Ukraine is represented by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.
executive branch; judicial branch; diversity; plain; goods; legislative branch; boundary; lowlands; provide; tributaries; produce; trade |
Ex. 12 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. How many natural borders has Ukraine?
2. Are the main rivers of Ukraine important trade routes?
3. What is the structure of the political system of Ukraine?
4. What is the main trend of foreign policy in Ukraine?
Ex. 13 Read and translate the text without a dictionary orally (time limit 10 min.).
List its main points in Ukrainian/Russian.
Before reading the text be sure that you know the following words and word
combinations:
observe – дотримуватися
carol – щедрівка
sermon – проповідь
commemorate – шанувати пам'ять
Christ’s Resurrection – воскресіння Христа
significance – значення, зміст
military cemetery – військовий цвинтар
military coup – військовий переворот
Holidays in Ukraine
Like most European nations Ukraine sees the New Year on December, 31. You can hardly find a person who doesn’t hope that Old Year with all its troubles will leave forever and the New Year will bring health, prosperity and happiness. On New Year’s Eve most people decorate a New Year tree with garlands, toys and sweets, prepare presents for their near and dear and enjoy the all-night New Year parties. January, 1 is an official day off, but nowadays many businesses close for several days till January, 8 or 10 to give their employees New Year and Christmas holidays.
New Year celebrations gradually glide into one of the most important religious holidays – Christmas. For many years this holiday was observed only by religious people, but now it is an official state holiday and a day off. It is favorite with children who like to go door to door, sing carols and get sweets from the hosts. Mothers of the family cook a traditional Ukrainian Christmas dish “kutya” which all the family eat together. Many people now like to go to church to listen to Christmas sermons.
Not long ago young people and lovers of all ages started to follow the English tradition of celebrating St. Valentine’s Day on February, 14 by sending special postcards and giving lovely gifts to their sweethearts. It is especially popular with schoolchildren who have little wish to study on this day.
The next official holiday in Ukrainian calendar is Women’ s Day. Very few people remember how it originated, but it is an important sign post in the feminist movement in the world, because it commemorates the beginning of women’s struggle for their economic, political and social rights. Today it is the day to show love and respect to women of all ages, when most Ukrainian fathers, husbands and sons clean and cook and give wonderful presents and flowers to their beautiful wives, mother and daughters. Many women regret that this day comes only once a year.
April’s Fools’ Day is not an official holiday in Ukraine but it is very popular in this country. It was borrowed from Britain long ago and since then has been enjoyed by the young and the old. It is one of the most favorite holidays with schoolchildren, students and humorists who turned it into the “National Day of Humor”.
By Orthodox canons Easter, the day of Christ’s Resurrection, is celebrated in Ukraine later than in other European countries. Only several years ago it was proclaimed an official state holiday and many people celebrate it by attending the all-night service in church and having a tasty meal at home on Red Sunday. Children enjoy painting Easter eggs and eating Easter bread.
May holidays begin on the first day of this month as a holiday of spring and peace. For many years in the former Soviet Union it was celebrated as an official state holiday – Labor Day. Now it has lost its political significance and people just enjoy additional days off either having a rest in the open air or working in their gardens.
Victory Day which is annually marked on May, 9 commemorates the victory of Soviet people over Nazi Germany in 1945. So many people died or were killed in that war that there is hardly a family in Ukraine that didn’t suffer a loss. On this day many people go to military cemeteries and memorials to take flowers to the monuments and show their respect and appreciation to those who defended their Motherland by cost of their lives.
The new Constitution of Ukraine as an independent, sovereign, democratic, social and legal state was adopted by the Verkhovna Rada on June 28, 1996 as the Fundamental Law of the country. The day of its adoption is a state holiday – the Day of the Constitution of Ukraine.
August, 24 is a new national state holiday –the Day of Independence of Ukraine, which was proclaimed in 1991 on the decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine after the military coup in Moscow. This day is marked with parades fireworks.
A traditional holiday on November 7 commemorates an important historic event – the Great October Socialist Revolution that took place in 1917 and influenced the life of people not only in our country but in most countries of the world. This state holiday used to be marked with military parades and peaceful demonstrations, but now most people regard it as a good chance to have a rest and a family get-together.
Most Ukrainian people enjoy holidays both old and new because they are good breaks in everyday work, an opportunity to see their friends and relatives and just to have a good time.
Ex. 14 Discussion points
1. Foreign languages in people’s life.
2. Geography of Ukraine.
3. The structure of the political system of Ukraine.
Варіант 2
Ex.1 Study the vocabulary:
mother tongue (syn. native language)–рідна мова
important –важливий
impose –нав’язувати
means of communication –засоби зв’язку
majority –більшість
property –власність, надбання
need –потребувати
use - використовувати
establish business relations –встановлювати ділові відносини
competitive -конкуруючий
demand –попит
commerce –торгівля
total - сукупний
make up – складатися з
separate – відокремлювати
trade – торгівля
boundary – кордон
give rise to – породжувати
rich – багатий
poor – бідний
develop – розвивати
right – право
vote - голосування
hereditary – спадковий
elect – обирати
general elections – загальні вибори
head of the government– глава уряду
take policy decisions – приймати політичні рішення
power – влада
executive body – виконавчий орган
Ex. 2 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary in writing. Do exercises after the text.
English as a World Language
1. More than three hundred million people speak English as their native language. English is their first language. They live in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Six hundred million people speak English as an official, second language. They live in India, Pakistan, Nigeria. But at least one hundred million people now study English as a foreign language. They live in Spain, Greece, Portugal, Mexico, Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, Argentina, China, Poland – almost everywhere. Therefore, at least one thousand million people can read, speak, write and understand English today.
2. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This export of the English language began in the 17th century. For a long time English was the most important language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was imposed on the enslaved nations as the only means of communication. Nowadays the majority of the former British colonies are independent but English has not lost its dominant position there.
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the property of all cultures. It is now the international language. In the modern world, people need English for work and for international communication. We can use English to help us meet new people and establish business relations around the world.
4. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial development. Information is sent and received at increased speed. The competitive demands of governments, industries, and corporations, both national and multinational, for technological progress require an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
5. English is also an international language of commerce, the main language of airports, air traffic control and international shipping. It is the language of diplomacy and sport. English is one of five languages used in the United Nations Organization (with French, Russia, Spanish and Chinese) and the language used by the International Olympic Committee. It is the working language during the meetings of the General Assembly and the Security Council o f the UNO.
6. English is studied as a foreign language in educational establishments of our country.
Ex.3 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Рідна мова; офіційна мова; міжнародна мова; поневолені народи; засоби спілкування; колишні британські колонії; зверхнє (домінуюче)положення; політичні та культурні зв’язки; міжнародне спілкування; встановлювати ділові відносини; навколо світу; економічна модернізація; промисловий розвиток; прискорений темп; технологічний прогрес; міжнародні перевезення вантажу; робоча мова; навчальні заклади.
Ex. 4 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
foreign language need
General Assembly commerce
Security Council competitive
majority independent
Ex. 5 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following
sentences:
1. English has become a world language because of its … as a … outside England, in all the continents of the world.
2. For a long time English was the most … language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was … on the enslaved nations as the only … .
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the … of all cultures.
4. We can … English to help us meet new people and establish … around the world.
5. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial
… .
6. The competitive … of … , industries, and corporations, both national and … , for technological progress … an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
7. English is also an international language of … , the main language of airports, … and international shipping.
means of communication; multinational; property; important; commerce; use; imposed; demands; development; air traffic control; mother tongue; governments; require; establishment; business relation |
Ex. 6 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. What countries is English spoken as the first/second/foreign language in?
2. What position had English in the 17th century?
3. Why is English becoming the property of all cultures?
4. What requires an understanding of English?
Ex. 7 Pay attention to the pronunciation and translation of geographical names before reading the text:
1. Scotland 2. Edinburgh 3. Northern Ireland 4. Wales 5. the North Sea 6. the Straights of Dover 7. the English Channel 8. the Cheviot Hills 9. the Pennine Chain 10. the Cambrian Mountains 11. the Grampian Mountains 12. Loch Ness
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Шотландія Единбург Північна Ірландія Уельс Північне море Па- де- Кале Ла-Манш Чевіотські гори Пенінські гори Кембрійські гори Грампіанські гори Лох Нес (озеро)
|
Ex. 8 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary orally. Translate paragraphs 2, 6, 9, 14 in writing. Do exercises after the text.
Great Britain
1. The United Kingdom is not large. The total land area is about 241, 590 square kilometers. The population of Great Britain is about 60, 000, 000 people.
2. The country whose official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland and is situated on the British Isles. This group of islands lies between the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and consists of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and 550 smaller Islands around them. It is separated from the continent of Europe by the English Channel, the narrowest part of which is called the Straight of Dover. In the west the UK is separated from Ireland by the Irish Sea and the North Channel. The seas around Britain are often rough and difficult to navigate during storms but they are full of fish and are extremely important for trade. Britain’s main ports are London, Hull, Liverpool, Glasgow and some others.
3. You will not find high mountains or large plains in Britain. The highest mountain, Ben Nevis, is in Scotland. In the centre of England is a range of hills called the Pennine Chain which is also known as the “backbone of England”. The Cambrian Mountains in Wales and the Cambrian Mountains in the Lake District in the north of England are not high but amazingly beautiful. The Cheviot Hills mark the boundary between England and Scotland.
4. Britain’s climate is mild and damp. It often rains and fogs are quite frequent.
5. There are very many rivers in Great Britain but they are not very long. The longest river is the Severn in England, but the most famous is the Thames because it gave rise to the capital of the country – London.
6. Many people say that Great Britain look like a large well-kept park. The best-known is Sherwood Forest where Robin Hood once lived, the legendary outlaw who robbed the rich and gave their money to the poor. The most famous lake is Loch Ness in Scotland which is said to have a water monster.
7. Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources though there is oil in the North Sea, coal in Wales and in the north of England, tin and other non-ferrous metals in the south.
8. The biggest cities of Britain are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow and some others.
9. The United Kingdom is a constitutional or parliamentary monarchy. It means that it has a monarch (either a queen or a king) as its Head of State but the monarch has very little power. The Queen (or King) reigns but she (he) doesn’t rule. Parliament and the monarch have different roles and they only meet together on symbolic occasions.
10. There is no written constitution in Britain. The rules for governing the country have been developed over the centuries.
11. The present British monarch is Queen Elizabeth (since 1953) and the next in line to the throne is her son, Charles, the Prince of Wales.
12. Britain is a democracy. Men and women over 18 have the right to vote, but it is not compulsory. They have the right to elect a Member of Parliament (M.P.) for their electoral area. Britain in reality has two-party system of government, since most people vote either Labor or Conservative. The party that wins the most seats in general elections forms the government and its leader becomes the Prime Minister, the head of the government. He or she usually takes policy decisions with the agreement of the Cabinet of Ministers. The power of the Cabinet, in its turn, is controlled by the Parliament, for no bill can become law until it is passed by an Act of Parliament.
13. There is no specific date when the office of Prime Minister first appeared. However, modern historians apply the title of First Prime Minister to Sir Robert Walpole, who led the country for 21 years from 1721 to 1742. Since 2007 the office has been holding by Gordon Brown, the Leader of the Labour Party.
14. All important bills are presented to the House of Commons (the lower chamber of the Parliament, all 659 members of which are elected by people), where they are explained and debated. If they receive a majority vote they go to the House of Lords (the upper chamber consisting of 92 hereditary or life-time peers, clergy, and supreme judges) and after that to the monarch to be signed. The monarch always acts on the advice of the Prime Minister. So the House of Commons is the main law-making body while the Cabinet of Ministers and the government are the main executive bodies.
15. Scotland and Wales have their own governments: the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh and the Welsh Assembly in Cardiff. Both opened in 1999.
16. Great Britain is a member of the Commonwealth. The British monarch is the Head of the Commonwealth and also the Head of State of 16 member countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and some others.
Ex. 9 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Сукупна площа території; офіційна назва; важливий для торгівлі; пасмо гір; м’який та вологий клімат; бути схожим; доглянутий парк; давати гроші; багата на корисні копалини; корольові метали; парламентарна або конституційна монархія; глава держави; мати різні ролі; символічні події; наступний зайняти трон; право вибирати; виборча територія; двопартійна система правління; приймати політичні рішення; парламентський закон; важливі законопроекти; рішення більшості голосів; верховні судді; виконавча влада; діяти за порадою; Палата лордів; член співдружності.
Ex. 10 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
plain rule
island hereditary
oil vote
coal elect
develop government
Ex. 11 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following sentences:
1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is … of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
2. In the west the UK is … from Ireland by the Irish Sea and the North Channel.
3. The seas around Britain are often rough but they are full of fish and are extremely … for … .
4. The Cheviot Hills mark the … between England and Scotland.
5. The most famous river is the Thames because it … to the capital of the country – London.
6. Great Britain is not very … in … .
7. The monarch has very little … .
8. The … is the main law-making body while the Cabinet of Ministers and the government are the main … .
rich; boundary; separated; House of Commons; trade; made up; gave rise; power; mineral resources; executive bodies; important |
Ex.12 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. What is the geographical position of Great Britain?
2. Is Great Britain a mountainous country?
3. What does it mean a parliamentary monarchy?
4. What is the structure of the political system of Great Britain?
Ex. 13 Read and translate the text without a dictionary orally (time limit 10 min.).
List its main points in Ukrainian/Russian.
Before reading the text be sure that you know the following words and word
combinations:
Bank Holiday – банківську свято (неробочий день)
holly – гостролист (рослина)
Piccadilly Circus – майдан Пікаділі
observe – дотримуватися
Shrove Tuesday (syn. Pancake Day) – Жирний Вівторок, «Тещині Млинці»
Lenten fast (syn Lent) – Великий піст
commemorate – шанувати пам'ять
Gunpowder Plot – порохова змова
Holidays in Great Britain
National Days in Britain are not celebrated to the same extent as in France or America. Scotland’s National Day is St. Andrew’s Day (30 November). St. David’s Day (1 March) is the National Day of Wales. England National Day is St. George’s Day (23 April). St. Patrick’s Day is an official Bank Holiday in Northern Ireland.
For many British people (with the exception of Scotsmen), Christmas is the favorite holiday. It is celebrated much earlier than in our country, on December, 25. Preparation for the holiday begins several weeks before it with sending dozens of cards, buying presents and food, decorating the Christmas tree and the house.
The cities and towns are decorated with thousands of colored lights, and the biggest Christmas tree in Britain is put up in Trafalgar Square in London. This tree is a traditional gift of the Norwegian people to the British.
In the homes there is a great expectation. Holly is hanging on the wall waiting for the English traditional kissing when a girl standing under this evergreen plant can’t refuse being kissed. Mothers of the family are busy in the kitchen getting ready for the next day’s dinner of turkey, pudding and other tasty things. Before going to bed children may hang Christmas stockings on their beds in the hope of getting presents from Father Christmas or Santa Clause. The next day, on December 26 people get up late, have big meals, go to church and have a good rest after the Christmas rush.
New Year in Britain (with the exception of Scotland ) is not celebrated as widely as in our country. Some people may even completely ignore and go to bed at the usual time without waiting for the clock to strike twelve. Those who do celebrate it may have parties or family get-togethers, go to the disco, or if they live in London, join in the festive mood of the huge crowds of people in Trafalgar Square and Piccadilly Circus.
In Scotland New Year is called Hogmanay and is the most favorite holiday of the year. On New Year Eve the families that observe old traditions sit themselves round the fire and when the hands of the clock approach twelve, the head of the house opens the front door of the house and holds it open wide till the last stroke of the bell, to let the Olds Year out and the New Year in. Then greetings and gifts are exchanged, glasses are filled and everybody is waiting for the First-Footers, young men who will be the first to come in the house to bring luck and prosperity for the coming year.
Though February is a winter month, many British people start feeling spring on February, 14 when they get Valentine cards and symbolic love gifts. For many centuries St. Valentine’s Day has been a good opportunity to openly show your feelings and exchange love-tokens.
Pancake Day is the popular name for Shrove Tuesday, the eve of the Lenten fast. In medieval times all Christians made their compulsory confessions or “shifts” from which the words “Shrove Tuesday ” derives. They also took last opportunity to eat up all the rich food prohibited during Lent. Thus all eggs, butter and fat remaining in the house were made into pancakes. Some regions in Britain celebrate the day with pancake races during which a pancake should be tossed in the frying pan at least three times.
Easter in Britain is the time of giving and receiving presents which traditionally take the form of Easter eggs and hot cross buns. Nowadays eggs are usually made of chocolate with surprises in them, but the old custom is dying and painting eggs is still kept in some country districts. Other emblems of Easter are fluffy little chicks, the Easter Bunny and spring flowers.
April’s Fool’s Day is not an official holiday but few people are indifferent to it. Everyone who has a sense of humor likes to play practical jokes on their friends and family neighbors.
Bank Holidays are public holidays called so because the banks as well as most offices and shops are closed. There are winter, spring and summer Bank Holidays.
Another popular holiday in Britain is Guy Fawkes Day, which commemorates the discovery of the so-called Gunpowder Plot, a conspiracy to destroy the English Houses of Parliament and King Kames I on November, 5 1605. It is usually marked with bonfires and dummies of Guy Fawkes.
Ex. 14 Discussion points
1. Foreign languages in people’s life.
2. Geography of Great Britain.
3. The political structure of Great Britain.
Варіант 3
Ex.1 Study the vocabulary:
mother tongue (syn. native language)–рідна мова
important –важливий
impose –нав’язувати
means of communication –засоби зв’язку
majority –більшість
property –власність, надбання
need –потребувати
use - використовувати
establish business relations –встановлювати ділові відносини
competitive -конкуруючий
demand –попит
commerce –торгівля
include – включати, містити в собі
total- сукупний
border on – межувати
make up – складатися з
densely populated - густонаселений
fertile –родючий
valuable –цінний
riches (syn. wealth) –багатство
expand –поширюватися
production –виробництво
vary –мінятися, змінюватися
tributary –притока
provide –забезпечувати
right –право
make the law –приймати закон
executive branch – виконавча влада
legislative branch – законодавча влада
judicial branch – судова влада
Ex. 2 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary in writing. Do exercises after the text.
English as a World Language
1. More than three hundred million people speak English as their native language. English is their first language. They live in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Six hundred million people speak English as an official, second language. They live in India, Pakistan, Nigeria. But at least one hundred million people now study English as a foreign language. They live in Spain, Greece, Portugal, Mexico, Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, Argentina, China, Poland – almost everywhere. Therefore, at least one thousand million people can read, speak, write and understand English today.
2. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This export of the English language began in the 17th century. For a long time English was the most important language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was imposed on the enslaved nations as the only means of communication. Nowadays the majority of the former British colonies are independent but English has not lost its dominant position there.
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the property of all cultures. It is now the international language. In the modern world, people need English for work and for international communication. We can use English to help us meet new people and establish business relations around the world.
4. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial development. Information is sent and received at increased speed. The competitive demands of governments, industries, and corporations, both national and multinational, for technological progress require an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
5. English is also an international language of commerce, the main language of airports, air traffic control and international shipping. It is the language of diplomacy and sport. English is one of five languages used in the United Nations Organization (with French, Russia, Spanish and Chinese) and the language used by the International Olympic Committee. It is the working language during the meetings of the General Assembly and the Security Council o f the UNO.
6. English is studied as a foreign language in educational establishments of our country.
Ex.3 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Рідна мова; офіційна мова; міжнародна мова; поневолені народи; засоби спілкування; колишні британські колонії; зверхнє (домінуюче)положення; політичні та культурні зв’язки; міжнародне спілкування; встановлювати ділові відносини; навколо світу; економічна модернізація; промисловий розвиток; прискорений темп; технологічний прогрес; міжнародні перевезення вантажу; робоча мова; навчальні заклади.
Ex. 4 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
foreign language need
General Assembly commerce
Security Council competitive
majority independent
Ex. 5 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following
sentences:
1. English has become a world language because of its … as a … outside England, in all the continents of the world.
2. For a long time English was the most … language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was … on the enslaved nations as the only … .
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the … of all cultures.
4. We can … English to help us meet new people and establish … around the world.
5. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial
… .
6. The competitive … of … , industries, and corporations, both national and … , for technological progress … an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
7. English is also an international language of … , the main language of airports, … and international shipping.
means of communication; multinational; property; important; commerce; use; imposed; demands; development; air traffic control; mother tongue; governments; require; establishment; business relation |
Ex. 6 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. What countries is English spoken as the first/second/foreign language in?
2. What position had English in the 17th century?
3. Why is English becoming the property of all cultures?
4. What requires an understanding of English?
Ex. 7 Pay attention to the pronunciation and translation of geographical names before reading the text:
1. the Pacific Ocean 2. the Atlantic Ocean 3. the Arctic Ocean 4. Hawaii 5. the Gulf of Mexico 6. the District of Columbia 7. the Appalachian Mountains 8. the Great Plains 9. the Midwest 10. Louisiana 11. Mount McKinley 12. Death Valley 13. the Cordilleras 14. the Rocky Mountains 15. the Sierra Nevada 16. Missouri 17. the Rio Grande 18. Lake Erie 19. Lake Ontario 20. Lake Huron 21. Lake Superior 22. Lake Michigan
|
Тихий океан Атлантичний океан Північний Льодовитий океан Гаваї Мексиканська затока округ Колумбія Апалачі Великі рівнини Середній Захід Луїзіана гора Мак –Кінлі долина Смерті Корділ’єри Скелясті гори Сієра Невада Міссурі Ріо Гранде озеро Ере озеро Онтаріо озеро Гурон озеро Верхнє озеро Мічіган |
Ex. 8 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary orally. Translate paragraphs 2, 5, 8 in writing. Do exercises after the text.
The United States of America
1. The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, China and Canada. It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about 9, 629, 047 square kilometers. Alaska is the largest of America’s 50 states. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. The south-eastern coast of the country is washed by the Gulf of Mexico and the US also has coasts on the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The USA has a seaborder with Russia.
2. The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 260 million people. Some states are more densely populated than the others. It is not surprising that most of the people of the United States live in the eastern half of the country although California on the West Coast is the most populous state. It is to the East Coast the first settlers from Europe came when they crossed the Atlantic. They were attracted by the fertile lands of the Atlantic coast in the southeast and inland beyond the eastern Appalachian Mountains. This part of the country gets enough rainfall for crops, has valuable forests and most of the country’s riches in iron and coal deposits. As America expanded westward, so did its farmers and ranchers, cultivating the grasslands of the Great Plains and finally the fertile valleys of the Pacific Coast. Today American farmers plant spring wheat on the cold western plains, raise corn, wheat and fine beef cattle in the Midwest, and rice in the damp heat of Louisiana. Florida and California are famous for their vegetable and fruit production, and the cool, rainy northwest states are known for apples, berries and vegetables.
3. The land varies from heavy forests covering 2,104 mln hectares, to barren deserts, from high-peaked mountains (the highest peak is Mount McKinley in Alaska ) to deep canyons (Death Valley in California is 1,064 meters below sea level). The highest mountains in the USA are the Cordilleras that run the length of the west coast and include the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada.
4. America’s largest rivers are the Mississippi with its tributary Missouri, the Rio Grande, the Ohio and the Columbia. The broad Mississippi River system runs 5,969 kilometers from Canada into the Gulf of Mexico and is the world’s third longest river after the Nile and the Amazon. The USA is famous for its five Great Lakes: Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Lake Huron, Lake Superior and the Michigan the first four lakes are on the border with Canada and are the largest and deepest in the USA.
5. The USA is rich in mineral resources; their wealth provides a solid base for American industry. It has major deposits of oil and gas in Texas and Alaska, coal in Virgin and Ohio, gold in Alaska and California, silver in Nevada, non-ferrous metals in Arkansas and Colorado.
6. The largest cities of the USA are New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago Philadelphia, Detroit and some others.
7. The United States is a democracy. The Constitution, laws and traditions of the United States give the people the right to determine who will be the leader of their nation, who will make the laws, and what the laws will be. The Constitution guarantees individual freedom to all.
8. The Constitution sets the basic form of government: it has three branches – legislative, executive and judiciary. Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government, is made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Congress makes all laws, and each house of Congress has the power to support or reject a bill offered by the other. When they both pass a bill on which they agree it is sent to the president for his signature. Only after that a bill becomes a law.
9. The members of the House of Representatives are elected for two years. Each state, regardless of the population, has two senators, while the House of Representatives has more members from more populated states. The president of the USA is elected every four years to a four-year term of office, with no more than two full terms allowed. The President is the chief executive of the United States and also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama became the forty-fourth President.
10. The judiciary branch is represented by the Supreme Court and federal courts at the national level.
11. Today the United States has two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Both these parties have support among a wide variety of Americans.
Ex. 9 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Сукупна територія; густонаселений штат; перші поселенці; родючі землі; отримувати достатню кількість опадів; поширюватися в західному напрямку; культивувати (розробляти) пасовиська; саджати ярицю; вологе тепло; вирощувати кукурудзу, пшеницю; неродючі землі; нижче рівня моря; широка річкова система; бути багатим на корисні копалини; забезпечувати надійну основу; кольорові метали; право визначати; приймати закони; законодавча влада; підтримувати або відхиляти законопроект; палата представників; термін на чотири роки; головнокомандувач збройних сил; Верховний Суд.
Ex. 10 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
occupy expand
fertile vary
inland gold
deposit power
plain oil
Ex. 11 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following sentences:
1. The USA … Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south.
2. Some states are more … than the others.
3. Florida and California are famous for their vegetable and fruit … , and the cool, rainy northwest states are known for apples, berries and vegetables.
4. The highest mountains in the USA are the Cordilleras that … the length of the west coast and … the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada.
5. The USA is rich in mineral … ; their wealth … a solid base for American industry.
6. The Constitution, laws and traditions of the United States give the people the … to determine who will be the leader of their nation, who will …, and what the laws will be.
7. Congress, … of the federal government, is … of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
8. The … is represented by the … and federal courts at the national level.
make the laws; judiciary branch; made up; rich; production; provides; right; include; legislative branch; densely populated; resources; run; Supreme Court; borders on |
Ex.12 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. What is the geographical position of the United States?
2. Do the natural resources of the country enrich the economy of the USA?
3. Why is the United States a democracy?
4. What is the structure of the political system of the United States?
Ex. 13 Read and translate the text without a dictionary orally (time limit 10 min.).
List its main points in Ukrainian/Russian.
Before reading the text be sure that you know the following words and word
combinations:
Memorial Day – день пам’яті полеглих в громадянській війні в США в 1861-65 рр.
pay a tribute to – віддавати належне комусь
commemorate – шанувати пам'ять
observe – дотримуватися
Confederate Memorial Day – день пам’яті конфедератів
Volunteer Fireman Day – день пожежника добровольця
National Employ the Handicapped Week - національний тиждень зайнятості людей з фізичними та розумовими вадами
Good Friday – страсна п’ятниця
Holidays in the USA
Each of the fifty states in the USA establish their own legal holidays. The federal government, through the President and Congress, can legally set holidays only for federal employees and for the District of Columbia. Most states however accept the federal legal holidays which are: New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King’s Day, Washington’s Birthday, now called “President’s Day” (the third Monday in February), Memorial Day (last Monday in May), Independence Day, Labor Day (first Monday in September), Columbus Day, Veteran’s Day (November, 11th ), Thanksgiving Day and Christmas.
Labor Day, celebrated on the first Monday of September, pays a tribute to the agricultural and industrial workers who have contributed to America’s growth over the past 300 years. Veterans’ Day (the 11th of November) honors the men who have served in the United States armed forces. On the second Monday of October, Americans pause to recall the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus, who set out in the fifteenth century in search of the New World.
Another type of American holiday, the political celebration, commemorates significant figures or events in the United States history. Two highly esteemed presidents, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, are honored by a single holiday: the birthdays of Washington, the first president of the United States, and of Lincoln, are celebrated on the third Monday of February.
Most states have holidays which are “observed” but not necessarily legal. The name of the holiday goes on the calendar for a state, yet it does not mean that businesses are always closed or children let out of school. For example, Confederate Memorial Day is celebrated on the last Monday in April only in Alabama and Mississippi.
There are also special days in most states which are proclaimed but have no effect otherwise, for instance Volunteer Fireman Day in New Jersey. This is also true at the national level. The President or Congress might proclaim a special day or week in order to bring attention to a certain concern, interest group or problem, like for example, National Employ the Handicapped Week.
Many religious holidays such as Good Friday, Hanukkah or Ramadan are observed by the religious, but have no national or officially legal status. Rather each state sets its own laws, and whether or not an employee is given time off also depends on individual company decisions.
Schools and colleges are closed for a week’s vacation in spring Easter. The holiday takes place each year sometime between March 22 and April 25. During Easter many homes are decorated with white lilies.
There are many other traditional holidays, observed by a large number of Americans, which are neither legal nor official. Among these are Valentine’s Day, St. Patrick’s Day, Mother’s Day and Halloween.
Perhaps the two “most American” of the holidays are the Fourth of July-Independence Day, and Thanksgiving. The first one is like a big nationwide birthday party. Some towns and cities have parades with bands and flags, and most politicians will try to give a patriotic speech, should anyone be willing to listen. But what makes this holiday special is the atmosphere and enjoyment of, for instance, the family picnic with hot dogs, hamburgers and volleyball, fireworks and rockets at night (and often a sunburn and a headache the next morning). The nation’s birthday is also its greatest annual summer celebration.
A religious holiday in which the leaving of gifts plays even a more important part is Christmas. Celebrating the birthday of Christ, Christmas occurs on December 25. Americans families leave gaily wrapped packages under a decorated evergreen tree on the night before Christmas to be opened the next morning.
Like Christmas, Thanksgiving is a day for families to come together. Traditional foods are prepared for the feast – turkey or ham, cranberry sauce, bread rolls and pumpkin pie. At the same time Thanksgiving is a solemn occasion, a day to remember the many who are less well off, in America and throughout the world. The Thanksgiving holiday recalls America’s earlier history. Thanksgiving dinners, centered around roasted turkey, are served on the third Thursday of November in memory of the colonists who first came from England in the seventeenth century to settle in Massachusetts.
Ex. 14 Discussion points
1. Foreign languages in people’s life.
2. Geography of the USA.
3. Prove that the USA is a democracy.
Варіант 4
Ex.1 Study the vocabulary:
mother tongue (syn. native language)–рідна мова
important –важливий
impose –нав’язувати
means of communication –засоби спілкування
majority –більшість
property –власність, надбання
need –потребувати
use - використовувати
establish business relations –встановлювати ділові відносини
competitive -конкуруючий
demand –попит
commerce –торгівля
boundary – кордон
diversity - різноманітність
lowland – низина
tributary – притока
provide - забезпечувати
trade – торгівля
rich – багатий
enterprise – підприємство
produce – виробляти
consumer goods – споживчі товари
executive branch – виконавча влада
legislative branch – законодавча влада
general election – загальні вибори
judicial branch – судова влада
responsibility – відповідальність
foreign affairs – закордонні справи
law-making body – законотворчий орган
participate – брати участь
Ex. 2 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary in writing. Do exercises after the text.
English as a World Language
1. More than three hundred million people speak English as their native language. English is their first language. They live in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Six hundred million people speak English as an official, second language. They live in India, Pakistan, Nigeria. But at least one hundred million people now study English as a foreign language. They live in Spain, Greece, Portugal, Mexico, Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, Argentina, China, Poland – almost everywhere. Therefore, at least one thousand million people can read, speak, write and understand English today.
2. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This export of the English language began in the 17th century. For a long time English was the most important language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was imposed on the enslaved nations as the only means of communication. Nowadays the majority of the former British colonies are independent but English has not lost its dominant position there.
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the property of all cultures. It is now the international language. In the modern world, people need English for work and for international communication. We can use English to help us meet new people and establish business relations around the world.
4. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial development. Information is sent and received at increased speed. The competitive demands of governments, industries, and corporations, both national and multinational, for technological progress require an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
5. English is also an international language of commerce, the main language of airports, air traffic control and international shipping. It is the language of diplomacy and sport. English is one of five languages used in the United Nations Organization (with French, Russia, Spanish and Chinese) and the language used by the International Olympic Committee. It is the working language during the meetings of the General Assembly and the Security Council o f the UNO.
6. English is studied as a foreign language in educational establishments of our country.
Ex.3 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Рідна мова; офіційна мова; міжнародна мова; поневолені народи; засоби спілкування; колишні британські колонії; зверхнє (домінуюче)положення; політичні та культурні зв’язки; міжнародне спілкування; встановлювати ділові відносини; навколо світу; економічна модернізація; промисловий розвиток; прискорений темп; технологічний прогрес; міжнародні перевезення вантажу; робоча мова; навчальні заклади.
Ex. 4 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
foreign language need
General Assembly commerce
Security Council competitive
majority independent
Ex. 5 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following
sentences:
1. English has become a world language because of its … as a … outside England, in all the continents of the world.
2. For a long time English was the most … language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was … on the enslaved nations as the only … .
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the … of all cultures.
4. We can … English to help us meet new people and establish … around the world.
5. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial
… .
6. The competitive … of … , industries, and corporations, both national and … , for technological progress … an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
7. English is also an international language of … , the main language of airports, … and international shipping.
means of communication; multinational; property; important; commerce; use; imposed; demands; development; air traffic control; mother tongue; governments; require; establishment; business relation |
Ex. 6 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. What countries is English spoken as the first/second/foreign language in?
2. What position had English in the 17th century?
3. Why is English becoming the property of all cultures?
4. What requires an understanding of English?
Ex. 7 Pay attention to the pronunciation and translation of geographical names before reading the text:
1.Hungary 2.The Carpathian Mountains 3.The Crimean Peninsula 4. The Crimean Mountains 5.Goverla 6. The Dnieper Upland 7. The Mediterranean Sea 8. Danube |
Угорщина Карпати Кримський півострів Кримські гори Говерла Дніпровська височина Середземне море Дунай |
Ex. 8 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary orally. Translate paragraphs 3, 4, 13, 14 in writing. Do exercises after the text.
Ukraine
1. Ukraine is situated in the south-eastern part of Central Europe, and it borders on other European countries: Russia, Byelorus, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Moldova and Romania. The territory of our country is about 603,700 square kilometers. The population of our country is about 48 million people.
2. The territory of Ukraine is mostly a level treeless plain, called the steppe. Ukraine is not a mountainous country, though there are Crimean Mountains in the Crimean Peninsula and the Carpathian Mountains with the highest peak Goverla (2061) in the west of the country. The Carpathians are the only mountainous natural boundary of Ukraine. The Crimean Mountains are close to the second natural boundary of Ukraine – the Black Sea and the Azov Sea in the south. Ukraine enjoys generally a temperate continental climate.
3. The Ukrainian landscape can’t be called monotonous, it has some diversity as its plains are broken by highlands as well as by lowlands. The largest highland area is the Dnieper Upland. It is broken by many rivers, valleys, ravines, some of them more than 1,000 feet deep.
4. The main river in the country is the Dnieper which is the third longest in Europe. One of the oldest Ukrainian cities, its capital Kyiv is situated on both sides of this wide and powerful river. The Dnieper has many tributaries which unify central Ukraine economically, connecting the Baltic coasts countries with the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The mouth of another Ukrainian river, the Danube, provides an outlet for our country’s trade to the Balkans, Austria and Germany. The Danube River connects Ukraine with 7 European countries. Other less important rivers of Ukraine are the Dniester, the Southern Bug, the Desna, the Prypyat, the Severskiy Donets and about 70 thousand small rivers.
5. Ukraine is not very rich in mineral resources but there are deposits of coal in the Greater Donbas and deposits of iron ore, gas, non-ferrous metals, oil, mineral salts and clay in other regions of Ukraine.
6. The biggest cities of Ukraine are Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhiya, Donetsk, Odesa, Mikolaiv and some others. Main industrial enterprises are concentrated in and around them. They produce planes, turbines, different kinds of machines and equipment, and various consumer goods.
7. Ukraine is a sovereign state whose independence was declared on August 24, 1991. The country has a democratic political system which means that its executive branch is headed by the president with strong powers, and its legislative branch is represented by a national parliament.
8. The president is elected to a five-year term is the commander-in-chief of the military forces and can issue orders without the approval of the parliament. The first president of Ukraine was Leonid Kravchuk. In 1994 people elected a new president, Leonid Kuchma, and Ukraine entered a new phase of development. In 1999 he was re-elected to a new term of presidency. The last presidential election was conducted in 2004. Victor Yushchenko was declared the winner and was sworn in as the third President of Ukraine on January 23, 2005.
9. Ukraine’s parliament, called Verkhovna Rada (the Supreme Council ), is the nation’s law-making body. It has one chamber consisting of 450 members who are elected by voters at general elections to a five-year term.
10. Judicial branch in Ukraine is represented by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.
11. The president is assisted by a Cabinet of Ministers whose responsibilities lie in the areas of foreign affairs, home policy, economy, science and technology, industry, law and humanitarian matters. The Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister who is appointed by the president and approved by the majority of the Parliament.
12. In other words, it is possible to say that state power in Ukraine is based on the division of authority into legislative, executive and judicial branches, and Ukraine can be called a country with a parliamentary-presidential form of government.
13. Administratively Ukraine is divided into 24 regions, called “oblasty”. Crimea, which is also part of our country, has a special status of an autonomous, self-governing republic. Each region has its local government bodies which are responsible to the Cabinet of Ministers and the President.
14. The main trend of foreign policy in Ukraine is to live in peace with the rest of the world community, to co-operate with other countries and participate in European and world structures through membership in the United Nations and other international political, economic and cultural organizations.
Ex. 9 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Межувати з країнами; безліса рівнина; гориста країна; помірний континентальний клімат; розташовуватися по обидві сторони; мати різноманітність; могутня річка; об’єднувати економічно; забезпечувати вихід; бути багатим на корисні копалини; кольорові метали; промислові підприємства; споживчі товари; незалежна держава; демократична політична система; головнокомандувач збройних сил; схвалення парламенту; законодавчий орган; загальні вибори; президентські вибори; виконавча влада; внутрішня політика; державна влада; розподіл влади; парламентарно-президентська форма правління; зовнішня політика; міжнародні економічні та культурні організації.
Ex. 10 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
highland iron ore
valley responsibility
enterprise foreign affair
Supreme Court oil
general election participate
Ex. 11 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following sentences:
1. The territory of Ukraine is mostly a level treeless … , called the steppe.
2. The Carpathians are the only mountainous natural … of Ukraine.
3. The Ukrainian landscape has some … as its plains are broken by highlands as well as by … .
4. The Dnieper has many … which unify central Ukraine economically
5. The mouth of another Ukrainian river, the Danube, … an outlet for our country’s … to the Balkans, Austria and Germany.
6. Main industrial enterprises … planes, turbines, different kinds of machines and equipment, and various consumer … .
7. The country has a democratic political system which means that its … is headed by the president with strong powers, and its … is represented by a national parliament.
8 … in Ukraine is represented by the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court.
executive branch; judicial branch; diversity; plain; goods; legislative branch; boundary; lowlands; provide; tributaries; produce; trade |
Ex. 12 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. How many natural borders has Ukraine?
2. Are the main rivers of Ukraine important trade routes?
3. What is the structure of the political system of Ukraine?
4. What is the main trend of foreign policy in Ukraine?
Ex. 13 Read and translate the text without a dictionary orally (time limit 10 min.).
List its main points in Ukrainian/Russian.
Before reading the text be sure that you know the following words and word
combinations:
observe – дотримуватися
carol – щедрівка
sermon – проповідь
commemorate – шанувати пам'ять
Christ’s Resurrection – воскресіння Христа
significance – значення, зміст
military cemetery – військовий цвинтар
military coup – військовий переворот
Holidays in Ukraine
Like most European nations Ukraine sees the New Year on December, 31. You can hardly find a person who doesn’t hope that Old Year with all its troubles will leave forever and the New Year will bring health, prosperity and happiness. On New Year’s Eve most people decorate a New Year tree with garlands, toys and sweets, prepare presents for their near and dear and enjoy the all-night New Year parties. January, 1 is an official day off, but nowadays many businesses close for several days till January, 8 or 10 to give their employees New Year and Christmas holidays.
New Year celebrations gradually glide into one of the most important religious holidays – Christmas. For many years this holiday was observed only by religious people, but now it is an official state holiday and a day off. It is favorite with children who like to go door to door, sing carols and get sweets from the hosts. Mothers of the family cook a traditional Ukrainian Christmas dish “kutya” which all the family eat together. Many people now like to go to church to listen to Christmas sermons.
Not long ago young people and lovers of all ages started to follow the English tradition of celebrating St. Valentine’s Day on February, 14 by sending special postcards and giving lovely gifts to their sweethearts. It is especially popular with schoolchildren who have little wish to study on this day.
The next official holiday in Ukrainian calendar is Women’ s Day. Very few people remember how it originated, but it is an important sign post in the feminist movement in the world, because it commemorates the beginning of women’s struggle for their economic, political and social rights. Today it is the day to show love and respect to women of all ages, when most Ukrainian fathers, husbands and sons clean and cook and give wonderful presents and flowers to their beautiful wives, mother and daughters. Many women regret that this day comes only once a year.
April’s Fools’ Day is not an official holiday in Ukraine but it is very popular in this country. It was borrowed from Britain long ago and since then has been enjoyed by the young and the old. It is one of the most favorite holidays with schoolchildren, students and humorists who turned it into the “National Day of Humor”.
By Orthodox canons Easter, the day of Christ’s Resurrection, is celebrated in Ukraine later than in other European countries. Only several years ago it was proclaimed an official state holiday and many people celebrate it by attending the all-night service in church and having a tasty meal at home on Red Sunday. Children enjoy painting Easter eggs and eating Easter bread.
May holidays begin on the first day of this month as a holiday of spring and peace. For many years in the former Soviet Union it was celebrated as an official state holiday – Labor Day. Now it has lost its political significance and people just enjoy additional days off either having a rest in the open air or working in their gardens.
Victory Day which is annually marked on May, 9 commemorates the victory of Soviet people over Nazi Germany in 1945. So many people died or were killed in that war that there is hardly a family in Ukraine that didn’t suffer a loss. On this day many people go to military cemeteries and memorials to take flowers to the monuments and show their respect and appreciation to those who defended their Motherland by cost of their lives.
The new Constitution of Ukraine as an independent, sovereign, democratic, social and legal state was adopted by the Verkhovna Rada on June 28, 1996 as the Fundamental Law of the country. The day of its adoption is a state holiday – the Day of the Constitution of Ukraine.
August, 24 is a new national state holiday –the Day of Independence of Ukraine, which was proclaimed in 1991 on the decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine after the military coup in Moscow. This day is marked with parades fireworks.
A traditional holiday on November 7 commemorates an important historic event – the Great October Socialist Revolution that took place in 1917 and influenced the life of people not only in our country but in most countries of the world. This state holiday used to be marked with military parades and peaceful demonstrations, but now most people regard it as a good chance to have a rest and a family get-together.
Most Ukrainian people enjoy holidays both old and new because they are good breaks in everyday work, an opportunity to see their friends and relatives and just to have a good time.
Ex. 14 Discussion points
1. Foreign languages in people’s life.
2. Geography of Ukraine.
3. The structure of the political system of Ukraine.
Варіант 5
Ex.1 Study the vocabulary:
mother tongue (syn. native language)–рідна мова
important –важливий
impose –нав’язувати
means of communication –засоби зв’язку
majority –більшість
property –власність, надбання
need –потребувати
use - використовувати
establish business relations –встановлювати ділові відносини
competitive -конкуруючий
demand –попит
commerce –торгівля
total - сукупний
make up – складатися з
separate – відокремлювати
trade – торгівля
boundary – кордон
give rise to – породжувати
rich – багатий
poor – бідний
develop – розвивати
right – право
vote - голосування
hereditary – спадковий
elect – обирати
general elections – загальні вибори
head of the government– глава уряду
take policy decisions – приймати політичні рішення
power – влада
executive body – виконавчий орган
Ex. 2 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary in writing. Do exercises after the text.
English as a World Language
1. More than three hundred million people speak English as their native language. English is their first language. They live in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Six hundred million people speak English as an official, second language. They live in India, Pakistan, Nigeria. But at least one hundred million people now study English as a foreign language. They live in Spain, Greece, Portugal, Mexico, Brazil, Ukraine, Russia, Argentina, China, Poland – almost everywhere. Therefore, at least one thousand million people can read, speak, write and understand English today.
2. English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world. This export of the English language began in the 17th century. For a long time English was the most important language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was imposed on the enslaved nations as the only means of communication. Nowadays the majority of the former British colonies are independent but English has not lost its dominant position there.
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the property of all cultures. It is now the international language. In the modern world, people need English for work and for international communication. We can use English to help us meet new people and establish business relations around the world.
4. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial development. Information is sent and received at increased speed. The competitive demands of governments, industries, and corporations, both national and multinational, for technological progress require an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
5. English is also an international language of commerce, the main language of airports, air traffic control and international shipping. It is the language of diplomacy and sport. English is one of five languages used in the United Nations Organization (with French, Russia, Spanish and Chinese) and the language used by the International Olympic Committee. It is the working language during the meetings of the General Assembly and the Security Council o f the UNO.
6. English is studied as a foreign language in educational establishments of our country.
Ex.3 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Рідна мова; офіційна мова; міжнародна мова; поневолені народи; засоби спілкування; колишні британські колонії; зверхнє (домінуюче)положення; політичні та культурні зв’язки; міжнародне спілкування; встановлювати ділові відносини; навколо світу; економічна модернізація; промисловий розвиток; прискорений темп; технологічний прогрес; міжнародні перевезення вантажу; робоча мова; навчальні заклади.
Ex. 4 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
foreign language need
General Assembly commerce
Security Council competitive
majority independent
Ex. 5 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following
sentences:
1. English has become a world language because of its … as a … outside England, in all the continents of the world.
2. For a long time English was the most … language of the colonial countries in Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania as it was … on the enslaved nations as the only … .
3. English is losing its political and cultural associations and becoming the … of all cultures.
4. We can … English to help us meet new people and establish … around the world.
5. The English language is closely associated with the economic modernization and industrial
… .
6. The competitive … of … , industries, and corporations, both national and … , for technological progress … an understanding of the language of that technology – English.
7. English is also an international language of … , the main language of airports, … and international shipping.
means of communication; multinational; property; important; commerce; use; imposed; demands; development; air traffic control; mother tongue; governments; require; establishment; business relation |
Ex. 6 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. What countries is English spoken as the first/second/foreign language in?
2. What position had English in the 17th century?
3. Why is English becoming the property of all cultures?
4. What requires an understanding of English?
Ex. 7 Pay attention to the pronunciation and translation of geographical names before reading the text:
1. Scotland 2. Edinburgh 3. Northern Ireland 4. Wales 5. the North Sea 6. the Straights of Dover 7. the English Channel 8. the Cheviot Hills 9. the Pennine Chain 10. the Cambrian Mountains 11. the Grampian Mountains 12. Loch Ness
|
Шотландія Единбург Північна Ірландія Уельс Північне море Па- де- Кале Ла-Манш Чевіотські гори Пенінські гори Кембрійські гори Грампіанські гори Лох Нес (озеро)
|
Ex. 8 Read and translate the whole text with a dictionary orally. Translate paragraphs 2, 6, 9, 14 in writing. Do exercises after the text.
Great Britain
1. The United Kingdom is not large. The total land area is about 241, 590 square kilometers. The population of Great Britain is about 60, 000, 000 people.
2. The country whose official name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is made up of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland and is situated on the British Isles. This group of islands lies between the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and consists of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and 550 smaller Islands around them. It is separated from the continent of Europe by the English Channel, the narrowest part of which is called the Straight of Dover. In the west the UK is separated from Ireland by the Irish Sea and the North Channel. The seas around Britain are often rough and difficult to navigate during storms but they are full of fish and are extremely important for trade. Britain’s main ports are London, Hull, Liverpool, Glasgow and some others.
3. You will not find high mountains or large plains in Britain. The highest mountain, Ben Nevis, is in Scotland. In the centre of England is a range of hills called the Pennine Chain which is also known as the “backbone of England”. The Cambrian Mountains in Wales and the Cambrian Mountains in the Lake District in the north of England are not high but amazingly beautiful. The Cheviot Hills mark the boundary between England and Scotland.
4. Britain’s climate is mild and damp. It often rains and fogs are quite frequent.
5. There are very many rivers in Great Britain but they are not very long. The longest river is the Severn in England, but the most famous is the Thames because it gave rise to the capital of the country – London.
6. Many people say that Great Britain look like a large well-kept park. The best-known is Sherwood Forest where Robin Hood once lived, the legendary outlaw who robbed the rich and gave their money to the poor. The most famous lake is Loch Ness in Scotland which is said to have a water monster.
7. Great Britain is not very rich in mineral resources though there is oil in the North Sea, coal in Wales and in the north of England, tin and other non-ferrous metals in the south.
8. The biggest cities of Britain are London, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Glasgow and some others.
9. The United Kingdom is a constitutional or parliamentary monarchy. It means that it has a monarch (either a queen or a king) as its Head of State but the monarch has very little power. The Queen (or King) reigns but she (he) doesn’t rule. Parliament and the monarch have different roles and they only meet together on symbolic occasions.
10. There is no written constitution in Britain. The rules for governing the country have been developed over the centuries.
11. The present British monarch is Queen Elizabeth (since 1953) and the next in line to the throne is her son, Charles, the Prince of Wales.
12. Britain is a democracy. Men and women over 18 have the right to vote, but it is not compulsory. They have the right to elect a Member of Parliament (M.P.) for their electoral area. Britain in reality has two-party system of government, since most people vote either Labor or Conservative. The party that wins the most seats in general elections forms the government and its leader becomes the Prime Minister, the head of the government. He or she usually takes policy decisions with the agreement of the Cabinet of Ministers. The power of the Cabinet, in its turn, is controlled by the Parliament, for no bill can become law until it is passed by an Act of Parliament.
13. There is no specific date when the office of Prime Minister first appeared. However, modern historians apply the title of First Prime Minister to Sir Robert Walpole, who led the country for 21 years from 1721 to 1742. Since 2007 the office has been holding by Gordon Brown, the Leader of the Labour Party.
14. All important bills are presented to the House of Commons (the lower chamber of the Parliament, all 659 members of which are elected by people), where they are explained and debated. If they receive a majority vote they go to the House of Lords (the upper chamber consisting of 92 hereditary or life-time peers, clergy, and supreme judges) and after that to the monarch to be signed. The monarch always acts on the advice of the Prime Minister. So the House of Commons is the main law-making body while the Cabinet of Ministers and the government are the main executive bodies.
15. Scotland and Wales have their own governments: the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh and the Welsh Assembly in Cardiff. Both opened in 1999.
16. Great Britain is a member of the Commonwealth. The British monarch is the Head of the Commonwealth and also the Head of State of 16 member countries such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and some others.
Ex. 9 Find in the text and put down English equivalents to the following word combinations:
Сукупна площа території; офіційна назва; важливий для торгівлі; пасмо гір; м’який та вологий клімат; бути схожим; доглянутий парк; давати гроші; багата на корисні копалини; корольові метали; парламентарна або конституційна монархія; глава держави; мати різні ролі; символічні події; наступний зайняти трон; право вибирати; виборча територія; двопартійна система правління; приймати політичні рішення; парламентський закон; важливі законопроекти; рішення більшості голосів; верховні судді; виконавча влада; діяти за порадою; Палата лордів; член співдружності.
Ex. 10 Give Ukrainian/Russian equivalents to:
plain rule
island hereditary
oil vote
coal elect
develop government
Ex. 11 Insert the suitable words and word combinations given below into the following sentences:
1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is … of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
2. In the west the UK is … from Ireland by the Irish Sea and the North Channel.
3. The seas around Britain are often rough but they are full of fish and are extremely … for … .
4. The Cheviot Hills mark the … between England and Scotland.
5. The most famous river is the Thames because it … to the capital of the country – London.
6. Great Britain is not very … in … .
7. The monarch has very little … .
8. The … is the main law-making body while the Cabinet of Ministers and the government are the main … .
rich; boundary; separated; House of Commons; trade; made up; gave rise; power; mineral resources; executive bodies; important |
Ex.12 Find in the text and put down the answers to the questions in Ukrainian/Russian:
1. What is the geographical position of Great Britain?
2. Is Great Britain a mountainous country?
3. What does it mean a parliamentary monarchy?
4. What is the structure of the political system of Great Britain?
Ex. 13 Read and translate the text without a dictionary orally (time limit 10 min.).
List its main points in Ukrainian/Russian.
Before reading the text be sure that you know the following words and word
combinations:
Bank Holiday – банківську свято (неробочий день)
holly – гостролист (рослина)
Piccadilly Circus – майдан Пікаділі
observe – дотримуватися
Shrove Tuesday (syn. Pancake Day) – Жирний Вівторок, «Тещині Млинці»
Lenten fast (syn Lent) – Великий піст
commemorate – шанувати пам'ять
Gunpowder Plot – порохова змова
Holidays in Great Britain
National Days in Britain are not celebrated to the same extent as in France or America. Scotland’s National Day is St. Andrew’s Day (30 November). St. David’s Day (1 March) is the National Day of Wales. England National Day is St. George’s Day (23 April). St. Patrick’s Day is an official Bank Holiday in Northern Ireland.
For many British people (with the exception of Scotsmen), Christmas is the favorite holiday. It is celebrated much earlier than in our country, on December, 25. Preparation for the holiday begins several weeks before it with sending dozens of cards, buying presents and food, decorating the Christmas tree and the house.
The cities and towns are decorated with thousands of colored lights, and the biggest Christmas tree in Britain is put up in Trafalgar Square in London. This tree is a traditional gift of the Norwegian people to the British.
In the homes there is a great expectation. Holly is hanging on the wall waiting for the English traditional kissing when a girl standing under this evergreen plant can’t refuse being kissed. Mothers of the family are busy in the kitchen getting ready for the next day’s dinner of turkey, pudding and other tasty things. Before going to bed children may hang Christmas stockings on their beds in the hope of getting presents from Father Christmas or Santa Clause. The next day, on December 26 people get up late, have big meals, go to church and have a good rest after the Christmas rush.
New Year in Britain (with the exception of Scotland ) is not celebrated as widely as in our country. Some people may even completely ignore and go to bed at the usual time without waiting for the clock to strike twelve. Those who do celebrate it may have parties or family get-togethers, go to the disco, or if they live in London, join in the festive mood of the huge crowds of people in Trafalgar Square and Piccadilly Circus.
In Scotland New Year is called Hogmanay and is the most favorite holiday of the year. On New Year Eve the families that observe old traditions sit themselves round the fire and when the hands of the clock approach twelve, the head of the house opens the front door of the house and holds it open wide till the last stroke of the bell, to let the Olds Year out and the New Year in. Then greetings and gifts are exchanged, glasses are filled and everybody is waiting for the First-Footers, young men who will be the first to come in the house to bring luck and prosperity for the coming year.
Though February is a winter month, many British people start feeling spring on February, 14 when they get Valentine cards and symbolic love gifts. For many centuries St. Valentine’s Day has been a good opportunity to openly show your feelings and exchange love-tokens.
Pancake Day is the popular name for Shrove Tuesday, the eve of the Lenten fast. In medieval times all Christians made their compulsory confessions or “shifts” from which the words “Shrove Tuesday ” derives. They also took last opportunity to eat up all the rich food prohibited during Lent. Thus all eggs, butter and fat remaining in the house were made into pancakes. Some regions in Britain celebrate the day with pancake races during which a pancake should be tossed in the frying pan at least three times.
Easter in Britain is the time of giving and receiving presents which traditionally take the form of Easter eggs and hot cross buns. Nowadays eggs are usually made of chocolate with surprises in them, but the old custom is dying and painting eggs is still kept in some country districts. Other emblems of Easter are fluffy little chicks, the Easter Bunny and spring flowers.
April’s Fool’s Day is not an official holiday but few people are indifferent to it. Everyone who has a sense of humor likes to play practical jokes on their friends and family neighbors.
Bank Holidays are public holidays called so because the banks as well as most offices and shops are closed. There are winter, spring and summer Bank Holidays.
Another popular holiday in Britain is Guy Fawkes Day, which commemorates the discovery of the so-called Gunpowder Plot, a conspiracy to destroy the English Houses of Parliament and King Kames I on November, 5 1605. It is usually marked with bonfires and dummies of Guy Fawkes.
Ex. 14 Discussion points
1. Foreign languages in people’s life.
2. Geography of Great Britain.
3. The political structure of Great Britain.