29. The evolution of dental technologies. Modern dental technologies сучасна стоматологія. Відомі відкриття у стоматології

PART I

PRE-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Experience [ikspiəriəns], to ignore [ignɔ:], to alleviate [əli:'vieit], Etruscan [itrʌskən], perceive [pɜ:siv], ancient [einʃənt], Egyptian [idʒipʃən], efficient [ifiʃənt], numbing [nʌmiŋ], recline [ri'klain], advancement [advan:smənt], nightmare [naitmɜə], evolve [ivolv].

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

To ignore ігнорувати

no wonder недивно

1550 BCE (Before Common Era) до нашої ери

a fully- reclining chair стілець з повністю відкидною спинкою

the dread жах, страх

advancement успіх, прогрес, просування

to be preoccupied with бути заклопотаним

dating back to брати початок

crude сирий, грубий

to go back to повертатися в

the Etruscan етруск

CE – Сommon Era наша ера

To refer to посилатися на

Exercise 3. Approve or contradict the following:

1. A Crown is the part of a tooth normally not visible in the mouth and usually covered by cementum.

2. A Bridge is a removable replacement for erupting teeth.

3. A Tooth is one of the soft structures in the throat used for cutting and chewing food.

4. Phobia is a physiologically strong fear of a particular event or thing.

5. Anesthetics is an agent the increases or abolishes sensation, affecting either the whole body or a particular area or region.

Exercise 4. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian. Make up the sentences of your own:

To simply ignore a toothache; no wonder; in 1550 BCE; by the 1900s; a fully-reclining dental chair; the dread of going to; modern advancements; to be preoccupied with; texts dating back to; crude methods for tooth extraction; go back to the Etruscans of; in 200 CE.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

The evolution of dental technologies

As you may know from experience, it's hard to simply ignore a toothache. The health of our teeth can greatly affect our ability to eat and speak, so it's no wonder that humans have always been preoccupied with their teeth. In fact, Egyptian texts dating back to 1550 BCE refer to diseases of the teeth and various remedies used to alleviate them.  

The Classic Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote about eruption patterns of teeth, crude methods for tooth extraction and stabilizing loose or decayed teeth. Even dental techniques perceived as modern, such as crowns and bridges, go back to the Etruscans of 200 CE.

In the field of dentistry, we have definitely come a long way from the tree branch toothbrushes ancient Egyptians used to clean their teeth.  

The evolution of dental care and the development of advanced methods for treating teeth has brought about many technologies, all aimed at making a visit to the dentist as painless and efficient as possible.  

By the 1900s, tube toothpaste became the norm. Novocain, a local anesthetic, was introduced in 1905, numbing people’s dental phobias as well as their nerves. In 1938, the first nylon toothbrush hit the market, and by 1958, patients could rest easy in the first fully-reclining dental chair.  

Despite these modern advancements in dental hygiene, a toothache is still associated with the dread of going to the dentist and nightmares of drills, forceps and root canals. However, as we have obtained a greater understanding of the physiology of teeth, dental technologies have evolved and made dentistry less painful and uncomfortable.

POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS

Exercise 6. Translate the following word combinations into English. Make up the sentences of your own:

Ігнорувати зубний біль; здатність їсти та розмовляти; полегшувати зубний біль; вживати ліки, щоб; грубі методи видалення зубів; розвиток (еволюція) догляду за зубами; досконалі методи лікування зубів; зручно відпочивати ; сучасні успіхи в стоматології; жахатися дантистів; страхіття від свердління; менш болісний та незручний.

Exercise 7. Skim the text and look for the answers to the following questions:

1. What are the main modern advancements in dental hygiene?

2. When were references to dental diseases mentioned first?

3. Who was the first to write about eruption patterns of the teeth?

4. Where do the dental techniques perceived as modern, such as crowns and bridges go back to?

5. Who was the first to brush the teeth?

6. When did a tube of toothpaste become the norm?

7. What was introduced in 1905?

8. When could the patients rest easy in the first fully-reclining dental chair?

Exercise 8. Make up the sentences from the given words:

1. It’s, simply, a, toothache, hard, ignore, to.

2. of, teeth, ability, to, our, eat, and, speak, our, health, affects, The.

3. loose, The, teeth, Aristotle, about, crude, philosopher, methods, stabilizing, Greek, or, decayed, wrote ,Classic, for.

4. reating, The, of, dental ,and, development, of ,care, methods, for, teeth, evolution, has, brought, advanced, about, many, technologies, the.

5. toothpaste, the, 1900s, tube, the, norm, By, became.

6. Novocain, people’s, numbs, phobias, as well as, their, dental, nerves.

7. A, is, still, dentist, with, the, dread, of, associated, going, to, toothache, the.

8. possible, aimed, All, for, teeth, advanced, are, at, making, a, methods, visit, to, the, dentist, as, painless, and ,efficient ,treating, as.

Exercise 9. Make the sentences interrogative and negative:

1. Humans have always been preoccupied with their teeth.

2. We have definitely come a long way from the tree branch toothbrushes ancient 3. Egyptians used to clean their teeth.  

4. The evolution of dental care and the development of advanced methods for treating teeth has brought about many technologies.

5. The health of our teeth can greatly affect our ability to eat and speak.

6. The Classic Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote about eruption patterns of teeth.

7. A toothache is still associated with the dread of going to the dentist and nightmares of drills, forceps and root canals.

8. Patients could rest easy in the first fully-reclining dental chair.  

9. By the 1900s, tube toothpaste became the norm.

Exercise 10. Tell in detail about The Evolution of Dental Technologies.