- •The classification of speech sounds The English Consonants
- •Fig.1 Human vocal tract
- •Work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation
- •Active organ of speech and the place of obstruction
- •List of places where the obstruction may occur
- •Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction
- •Position of the soft palate
- •Workshop on lecture 3 the classification of speech sounds The English Consonants
- •Description of principal consonant variants Occlusive Noise Consonant Phonemes (Plosives) /p, b, t, d, k, g/.
- •Occlusive Nasal Sonorants /m, n, ŋ /.
- •Constrictive Noise Consonant Phonemes (fricatives) /s, z, f, V, θ, ð, h, ʃ, ӡ/
- •Constrictive Sonorants /r, j, 1, w/
- •Occlusive-Constrictive Noise Phonemes (affricates) /tʃ, dӡ/
- •Recommended Literature on the topic:
Recommended Literature on the topic:
Соколова М.А., К.П. Гинтовт, И.С. Тихонова, Р.М. Тихонова. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка. – М.: Владос, 1996. – 285 с.; Соколова М.А., К.П. Гинтовт, Л.А. Кантер и др. Практическая фонетика английского языка. – М.: Владос, 1997. – 384 с.; Leonteva S.F. A Theoretical Course of English Phonetics. – M.: Vyshaya Shkola, 1980. – 271 p.; Babiychuk L.V., Bekhta I.A. Lecture Notes on the English Phonetics. – Lviv: Aral, 2008. – 106 p. Pike, Kenneth L. (1943). Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; Ladefoged, Peter (1996). Elements of Acoustic Phonetics (2nd ed.). The University of Chicago Press, Ltd. London; Stevens, Kenneth (2000). Acoustic Phonetics (Current Studies in Linguistics). The MIT Press, New Ed edition;
Fant, Gunnar. (1960). Acoustic theory of speech production, with calculations based on X-ray studies of Russian articulations. Description and analysis of contemporary standard Russian (No. 2). Gravenhage: Mouton. (2nd ed. published in 1970); Jakobson, Roman; Fant, Gunnar; & Halle, Morris. (1952). Preliminaries to speech analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates. MIT acoustics laboratory technical report (No. 13). Cambridge, MA: MIT.; Johnson, Keith. (2003). Acoustic and auditory phonetics (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.; Liberman, A.M. (1957). "Some results of research on speech perception". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 29(1): 117–123.; Warren, R.M. (1970). "Restoration of missing speech sounds". Science 167: 392–393.