Constrictive Sonorants /r, j, 1, w/

Exercises

1. Read these words. Spell them. Underline the devoiced allophones of the /r/ phoneme.

2. Read these sentences. Mind the linking /r/ in terminal position before a vowel which begins a new word.

1. Hotels are expensive in the South. 2. You can see Kyiv grow before your eyes. 3. There is a theatre and a bar in the building of the new hotel. 4. There are hostels all over the place. 5. The weather gets nicer and nicer. 6. There are a number of small islands on the river. 7. There are more sheep in Wales than anywhere in the British Isles. 8. In Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens you forget that you are in a big city. 9. The local newspapers were a surprise to me.

3. Transcribe these words. Read them. Mind the /j/ articulation.

young, youth, your, yet, yesterday, used to, news, human, museum, suit, few, reviews, used, capsules.

4. Read these words. Observe the light [l] before front, mixed and back vowels.

large, lots, look, luck, low, o'clock, looking, absolutely, flushed, following, lost, along, kilometre, fellow, slums, clean, let, late, gladly, realize, lived, letter, plain, blank, learned, willing, left, place, landed, linked, glorious, lovely, lonely, clasp, long, looked, London, clothes, plane, longer, applause, bloom

5. Read these words. Observe the dark[ł] in terminal position and before a consonant (not /J/).

jelp, meals, adult, cold, miles, old, world, rebuilt, will, special, restful, still, rule, wild, twelve, deal, I'll, chuckle-, helps, bald, bold.

6. Underline the letters, which represent in spelling the dark [ł] with one line and the light [l] with two lines in the words given below.

felt, hills, always, least, holiday. Utter, plane, like, Boil, total, gentle, little, left, explain, Black, coloured, light-headed, small, people, hostel, sleep, believe, lit, reply, model, hotel, article, lasted, longer, looked, lunch, will, special, restful, laughed, long, low, smile, nearly, usual, led, final, place, deal, clapping, fell, loudest.

Occlusive-Constrictive Noise Phonemes (affricates) /tʃ, dӡ/

Exercises

1. State the acoustic, articulatory and phonemic differences between /tʃ, dӡ/ and /tr, dr, ts, tz, θ,dð/.

2. Read these words. Spell them and translate them into Ukrainian

tʃın	tʃaınə	tʃɔp	dӡım	peıdӡ	dӡeın
tʃek	tʃaıld	wɔ:tʃ	dӡın	tʃeındӡ	dӡɔ:dӡ
tʃes	rıtʃ	tʃɔ:k	dӡımı	dӡenı	dӡə:mənı
tʃeın	mʌtʃ	kəutʃ	eıdӡ	dӡæk	dӡu:n

3. Explain the articulatory differences (a) between the English /tʃ/and the Ukrainian /ч/; (b) between tie English /dӡ/ and similar Ukrainian combinations. Subsidiary variants of English consonant phonemes.

Exercises

1. Read these word combinations and words. Observe (a) loss of plosion, (b) lateral plosion, (c) nasal plosion.

(a)	(b)	(c)
/p/ supped	/p/ people	/p/ open
top people	couple	happen
stop talking	appl	e
/b/	/b/	/b/
rubbed	able	ribbon
ebbed	label	stubborn
/t/	/t/	/t/
he went to see	bottle	written
I want to go	little	bitten
/k/	/k/	/k/
cook clean	tickle	taken
took Kate	cycle	bacon
/d/	/d/	/d/
good day	middle	garden
what day	beadle	pardon
walk down	riddle	warden
/g/	/g/	/g/
begged	eagle	dragon
plagued	giggle	wagon
big game	beagle	Morgan

2. Read these words. Observe the character of the voiced consonants (a) in fully voiced position, (b) in initial position, (c) in final position.

(a) /b/	(b) /b/	(c) /b/
labour	balm	ebb
imbue	bee	nib
/d/	/d/	/d/
udder	do	hard
ready	done	hood
/g/	/g/	/g/
agony	go	big
again	gain	beg

3. Read these words. Observe (a) the longer character of the /tʃ, dӡ/ phonemes in terminal position and (b) the shorter character of the /tʃ, dӡ/ phonemes. In preterminal position (when they are followed by /t, d/).

(a) each, fetch, match, scorch, pouch, much, liege, ridge, badge, large, lodge, gorge, George;

(b) reached, hitched, fetched, matched, searched, obliged, forged, urged, judged.

4. Read these words. Observe the longer character of the terminal allophones of the /f, v, s, z/ phonemes end their shorter character in initial position.

f - leaf, if, off, cough, half, rough, safe, life

- fee, fill, fence, fan, far, fox, four, fuss, food

v - leave, live, have, of, groove, love, serve

- veal, vest, vulgar, veil, vile, vow, vote, vet

s - face, tennis, various, piece, since, kiss, guess

- sister, sea, sincerely, sick, sitting, see, sake

z - is, his, birds, days, guards, fees, please

- zeal, zebra, zed, zero, zest, zip, Zion, zone, Zouave [zu:uv].

5. Read these words. Pay attention to (a) the palate-alveolar character of the consonant modified by the following phoneme /j/; (b) the post-alveolar character of the consonant modified by the following phoneme /r/; (c) the lateral character of the consonant modified by the following phoneme /l/; (d) the labialized character of the consonant modified by the following phoneme/w/.

(a) beauty, tube, cute, duty, Gus, few;

(b) bright, try, cry, dry, great, fry;

(c) blight, little, clever, middle, giggle devil;

(d) twice, twenty, queen, Gwendolyn, thwart

6. Read these word combinations. Pay attention to the consonant modified by the following interdental /θ, ð/

at the institute and the children

that's the latest news opened the window

on the hook on the radio

at the club about the house

repairs the plug in the bathroom