In addition, besides, equally important, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, also.

По значению и целям такие связки можно классифицировать следующим образом:

ЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ СВЯЗКИ ИДЕЙ, КЛАССИФИЦИРОВАННЫЕ

ПО ИХ ЦЕЛЯМ И ЗАДАЧАМ

Цели/purposes Логические связки/logical connectors

To make contrasting points:

Although, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, but, while, despite, even if, even though, at the same time

To list points:

Firstly, in the first place, first of all, to start with, secondly, thirdly, finally

To add more points on a topic:

What is more, furthermore, also, apart of this/that, in addition to, moreover, besides, too, not to mention the fact that

To list advantages/disadvantages:

One/another/one other/a further/the main/the first/the greatest advantage/disadvantage of …

To express personal opinion:

In my own opinion/view, to my mind/way of thinking, personally I believe that, it strikes me that, I feel very strongly that, I am inclined to believe that, it seems to me that, as far as I am concerned

- Firstly, to start with, first of all, in the first place, initially…

- Secondly, thirdly…

- At the next stage, at the next step, then, further, later, subsequently, next, at last, afterwards, thereafter…

- Finally, at the final stage, to sum up, in conclusion, taking everything into account, on the whole, all things considered.

To refer to other sources:

According to, with reference to

To conclude:

Finally, lastly, above all, all in all, taking everything into account, on the whole, all things considered, in conclusion, as I have said, as it was previously stated, to sum up

To express cause:

Because of, owing to, due to, for this reason

To express effect:

Therefore, thus, as a result, consequently, so, as a consequence

To emphasize what you say:

Clearly, obviously, of course, needless to say, in particular

To express reality:

In fact, actually, as a matter of fact, in practice, the fact of the matter is that

To express difference between appearance and reality:

On the face of it, at first sight, apparently

To state an argument against your opinion:

It is popularly believed that, people often claim that, contrary to popular belief, it is a fact that, people argue that

To state other people’s opinions:

Many people are in favour of/against, some people argue that, a lot of people think/believe

To introduce the other side of the argument:

Opponents of this view say, however there are people/those who oppose… claim that

To express balance:

While, on the one hand, on the other hand, whereas

To give examples:

For example, for instance

To refer to what actually happens:

In practice, in effect

To make general statements:

As a rule, generally, in general, as a general rule, on the whole

To make partly correct statements:

Up to a point, to a certain extent, to some extent, in a way, in a sense

To express limit of knowledge:

To the best of my knowledge, for all I know, as far as I know

To rephrase:

That is to say, in other words

To bring up other points or aspects:

As far as… is concerned, regarding, with regard to, as for

To imply that nothing else needs to be said:

Anyway, at any rate, in any case

Accepting the situation:

As it is, under the circumstances, things being as they are

Фразы для комментария текстовых действий автора

The author of the article informs us on the fact that / states the fact that/ reports (comments) on the fact that / emphasizes (underlines, highlights) the fact that/ tells us about the event (problem, phenomenon, product) / presents (gives) the figures and examples on / describes (depicts), analyzes the situation / characterizes / criticizes / praises / raises the problem of (on)/ sums up / makes a conclusion.

Exercise 1

Read the text from the “Economist” and its rendering classifying the italicized phrases as: (1) adverbs of time and connectors introducing new information, (2) comments on the author’s text actions, (3) other used logical connectors and useful phrases

Global retailing

Trouble at till

How retailers can avoid foreign adventures ending in disaster

When Wal-Mart went into Germany in 1997, it as- summed that Germans would like to be treated with the same courtesy as Americans. Stuff were therefore taught to greet customers by smiling as brightly as they do in any suburb from Pittsburgh to Peoria and to help pack their shopping. That was a mistake. Wal-Mart discovered that many Germans regard shop-assistants who try to help them with suspicion and flee the premises to avoid buying anything from them.

Globalisation often seems unstoppable; but the determined parochialism of shoppers' tastes has turned out to be one of the strongest forces standing in its way. Never mind travel, which familiarises customers with foreign stores; the spread of brands, which means that familiar products like Louis Vuitton handbags, Nike trainers and Starbucks coffee can be bought in almost any country; internet shopping, which makes everything available to everybody everywhere, Wal-Mart sold its German stores to Metro, a local rival, earlier this year. The world's most successful retailers still get into trouble when they expand across borders.

Hardly surprising then that many shopkeepers never leave home. Of the world's top 250 retailers, 104 have no interna tional operations at all, according to Deloitte, a consultancy. The most international big retailer is France's Carrefour. It has industries might operate in 100 or more countries.

But in rich countries retailing is growing slowly; and in their home markets giants such as Wal-Mart and Tesco are attracting the attention of domestic regulators and the hostility of the public. They need to go abroad to grow. The latest country to interest them is India, where foreign shopkeepers are getting their feet in the door.

Retailers who set our on foreign adventures need to remember three basic rules. First, don’t forget the local touch. Wal- Mart got off to a bad start in Germany by appointing a country manager who did not speak German. It also underestimated the local competition: Germany's Aldi and Lidl are champion price cutters. In Brazil it failed to notice that people like to shop en famille: the aisles of its shops were too narrow to accommodate the standard family party. Successful foreign adventurers adjust their formats to local needs, B&Q, a British do-it-yourself retailer, discovered that Chinese people look down thennoses at doing things themselves. It became a buy-it-yourself, and get somebody else to do it for you, retailer, Second, make sure your timing is right. In 1995 Yaohan, an aggressive Japanese retailer, opened one of the world's

biggest department stores in Shanghai. It planned to build 1,000 Chinese shops. But a decade ago Chinese people were too poor to support its vision and in 1997 Yaohan filed for bankruptcy.

Third, be selective about what you try. Tesco, which has been pretty successful in foreign markets, is shortly going into America-but with convenience stores only, because it reckons the supermarket business is too crowded.