
- •Contents
- •Unit 1. The freeway concept
- •1.1 The Functions of the Traffic Engineer
- •Functions of the traffic engineer
- •IV. Complete the following sentences:
- •V. Form sentences using the following words:
- •Vι. Answer the following questions:
- •Vιι. Put questions to the following sentences:
- •VIII. Write down the main idea of the text and key words.
- •IX. Make up a summary of the text.
- •1.2 The Freeway Concept
- •The freeway concept
- •V. Put questions to the following sentences:
- •VI. Complete the following sentences:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •IX. Write down the main idea of the text and key words.
- •X. Prepare a short report on the text.
- •1.3 Patrol and Emergency Services on a Freeway
- •Patrol and emergency services on a freeway
- •V. Decide whether the statements are true or not. Correct the wrong ones:
- •VI. Put questions to the second part of the text and ask them to your fellow-students.
- •Vιι. Answer the following questions:
- •Vιιi. Translate into English:
- •X. Make up a plan of the text; prepare a short report on the text. Unit 2. Safety provision
- •2.1 Accidents and Safety Provision
- •Accidents and safety provision
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Decide whether the statements are true or not. Correct the wrong ones:
- •VII. Answer the following question:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •X. Make up a plan of the text; prepare a short report on the text.
- •2.2 Road Signs
- •Road signs
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Decide whether the statements are true or not. Correct the wrong ones:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Translate into English:
- •X. Make up a plan of the text; prepare a short report on the text. Unit 3. Visual attention
- •3.1 Visual Attention
- •Visual attention
- •Vι. Complete the following sentences:
- •Vιι. Answer the following questions:
- •IX. Speak about:
- •X. Make up a plan of the text; prepare a short report on the text.
- •3.2 Sight Distance
- •Sight distance
- •V. Choose the most appropriate answer to complete the sentence:
- •Vι. Answer the following questions:
- •3.3 Eye and Object Heights
- •Eye and object heights
- •V. Choose the most appropriate answer to complete the sentence:
- •3.4 Circular Curves
- •Circular curves
- •V. Find an appropriate word for each blank space:
- •VI. Decide whether the statements are true or not. Correct the wrong ones:
- •VII. Answer the following questions:
- •VIII. Divide the text into some logical parts.
- •IX. Write out all the key words from the text.
- •X. Make up a plan of the text; prepare a short report on the text.
- •3.5 Transition Curves
- •Transition curves
- •V. Complete the following sentences:
- •VI. Decide whether the statements are true or not. Correct the wrong ones:
- •Unit 4. Supplementary texts everyday english and technical english
- •Science helps men to survive
- •Will the earth be lucky a third time?
- •The ethics and social resposibility of scientists and technologists
- •Postgraduate research work at english universities
- •Environment should be our common concern
- •84646, М. Горлівка, вул. Кірова, 51
Circular curves
The value of the coefficient of friction for a treaded tire on an icy surface, is about 0,1 and this sets an upper limit to super elevation for such conditions (i.e. 1 in 10), but allowing a factor of safety, a value of 0,07 is generally recommended for roads liable to freezing and built without road heating.
The speed at which no frictional force is required to maintain the vehicle in the curve is called the «hands off» speed. Maximum side friction factors are based on drivers’ feelings of comfort with the higher values causing discomfort.
There are the alternatives for superelevating curves of less than the maximum curvature. The method of sufficient superelevation is applied to counteract all out-of-balance forces for a vehicle travelling at the design speed without using friction. Friction requirements for curvature increase rapidly and drivers are, in effect, presented with two different types of curves, and hence a more complicated judgment in negotiating a curve is necessary. Further, the majority of cars will be travelling at less than the design speed and these will experience negative friction on the flatter curves, i.e. they will be travelling at less than the «hands off» speed and will tend to slip in towards the centre. This tendency will have to be counteracted by the irrational manoeuvre of steering out of the curve.
Method 2 overcomes this latter difficulty by applying superelevation to accommodate the average speed. This still suffers from the defect of giving two types of curves for the driver to judge – those flatter and those sharper. Method 3 is theoretically logical but does not allow for the common tendency to drive faster on shallow curves. Accordingly method 4 has been suggested in which the superelevation curvature relationship is parabolic and tangential to the sides of triangle.
TEXT-BASED ASSIGNMENTS
Ι. Choose English equivalents:
1. тертя a) friction b) revolution c) development
2. підігрівання a) negotiating b) heating c) expanding
3. чинник a) corrector b) director c) factor
4. проектна a) design b) intent c) trend
5. зазнавати a) exercise b) experience c) clear
6. трикутник a) triangle b) scarcity c) science
7. рівновага a) compare b) balance c) contract
8. межа a) lever b) lay c) level
9. пристосовувати a) accommodate b) consist c) cover
10. можливість a) opportunity b) necessity c) probability
ΙI. Translate into Ukrainian: experience, judgment, balance forces, to counteract, factor of safety, icy surface, treaded tire, sides of triangle, parabolic, tangential, shallow, to measure, irrational, requirements for curvature, available data, suffer, to associate, definition, to take into account, accessibility.
ΙII. Find out synonyms:
A B
1. urban a) to embrace
2. to influence b) to determine
3. characteristic c) need
4. limit d) term
5. curvature e) municipal
6. feeling f) property
7. to define g) to affect
8. period h) boundary
9. to cover i) sensation
10.requirement j) bend
ΙV. Match words from columns A and B to make word-combinations:
A B
1. treaded a) judgment
2. icy b) curve
3. road c) discomfort
4. frictional d) tire
5. balance e) force
6. design f) heating
7. flatter g) force
8. to cause h) manoeuvre
9. complicated i) speed
10. irrational j) surface