V. Supplement.

1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. Be ready to discuss the text.

PHARMACY AS A HEALTH PROFESSION

Contrary to popular belief, pharmacy is not limited to counting and dispensing pills.

Phar­macy is a rewarding profession in the health care system that involves working closely with doctors and patients. No matter what health field you step into, there will always be a need for pharmacists. They provide their expertise on the composition, use, and manufacturing of a drug, as well as its physiological and chemi­cal interactions. Pharmacy offers flexible work schedules, a broad spectrum of opportunities and direct patient contact.

Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemi­cal sciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as compounding and dis­pensing medications on the orders of physicians, and it also includes more modern services related to patient care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are experts in drug therapy and are the primary health professionals who optimizemedication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes.

What are the disciplines? The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three primary disciplines: Pharmaceutics, Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy practice.

There are various specialties of pharmacy practice. Specialization in pharmacy practice is typically based on the place of practice or practice roles including: com­munity, hospital, clinical pharmacy, consultant, drug information, industry.

Other specializations in pharmacy practice recognized by the Board of Phar­maceutical Specialties include: cardiovascular, infectious disease, oncology, phar­macotherapy, nuclear, nutrition, and psychiatry.

2. Skim through the text and define its main idea. Write the key sentences out and translate them.

3. Put questions to the text and ask your partner.

4. Put in the missing words.

1. Pharmacy is a profession that involves working closely with ... and … .

2. There will always be a need for … .

3. ... offers flexible work schedules, a broad spectrum of opportunities and direct patient contact.

4. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more traditional roles such as ... and ... medications on the orders of physicians.

5. Pharmacists are experts in … … and are the primary health professionals.

20. Pharmacy, its history and modernity. Фармація, її історія та сучасність.

І. Vocabulary.

to recognize – усвідомлювати, довідуватися;

to dispense – відпускати лікарські засоби, фасу, вати;

to distribute – розподіляти, поширювати;

(in)compatability – (не) сумісність;

to encounter – натрапляти, наштовхуватися;

concomitant – супроводжуючий;

auxiliary – допоміжний;

admixture – домішка;

background – витоки, походження;

over-the-counter drug (OTC) – ліки, що відпускаються без рецепта;

to crush – вижимати, дробити, дрібнити;

regimen – режим, схема;

accessible – доступний, відкритий.

ІІ. Reading.

PHARMACY: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY

Pharmacy is defined as the art and science of recog­nizing, identifying, collecting, selecting, preparing, storing, testing, compounding and dispensing all substances used in preventive or in curative medicine for treating people. It speaks not only of medicines and the art of compounding and dispensing them, but of their combination, analysis and standardization.

Though nowdays most drugs are prepared by pharma­ceutical manufactures and are distributed to the chemist's or hospital in such suitable dosage forms as tablets, capsu­les, liquid preparations, or sterile solutions for injection, the pharmacist now has no less a responsible role in properly dispensing the preparation in finished forms than when he powdered, dissolved, mixed, and otherwise compounded prescriptions. Compounding and dispensing medicines de­mand special knowledge, experience, and high professional standards. So to become---a pharmacist one should achieve knowtectg'e' of different subjects, such as physics, chemistry, biology, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacognosy, tech nology of drugs, organization and economy of pharmacy, management and marketing in pharmacy.

Because of his knowledge of drug constituents, the phar­macist is able to predict not only the chemical and physical incompatibilities encountered in compounding but also the therapeutic incompatibilities that the patient may encounter when utilizing a drug concomitantly with other prescribed or self-selected medications. Starch, saccharose, pork fat, gelatine, cocoa and butter, among other substances, used as auxiliary admixtures and bases, include particles of medi­cinal substances in treatment. But they themselves are not neutral agents: they may affect the action of the drugs. When supplying both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medication to patients, the pharmacist also provides information required for the safe and effective use of such drugs. The pharmacist further serves as an information source of all aspects of drugs to his colleages in the medical, dental, and nursing professions. These adivisory roles are made possible by the vast background of the pharmacist, the drug expert, in fields such as pharmacognosy, pharmacolo­gy, medicinal chemistry, and pharmaceutics. The pharmacist needs to know where the dosage form can be obtained; if the drug is readily absorbed; if it has stability; and if there is anything in the literature to confirm the reliability of this dosage form for a particular patient. The pharmacist must also know what tablets can be crushed and added to food (or used in compounding) without altering the drug's effec­tiveness and dose regimen. Pharmacists should be very helpful and supportive when asked for their opinion and advice. It is widely recognized that pharmacists are among the most accessible and respected health professionals.

Although the pharmacist is mainly concerned with those substances having application to public health, he realizes that many of these therapeutic aids are also utilized as beve­rages, and spicies, in confectioneries, and as technical pro­ducts. During the past few years, as a result of the intense concern with all aspects of ecology, there has been a re­newed interest in so called "natural" foods and drugs. The availability of an extremely wide variety of those products, ranging from fenugreek tea to ginseng chewing gum, has stimulated the public to learn more about them.

Progress in many fields of medicine depends on produc­tion of corresponding antibiotics, effective narcotic, cardiac and other drugs. New pharmaceutical preparations are con­stantly being developed for every branch of medicine. New drugs not only save lives, they help to reduce the costs of health care by limiting the need for alternative, more expen­sive therapy, such as surgery and hospitalization. Drugs which return people to productive activity might well be viewed as investments yielding social benefits — rather than costs.

The pharmaceutical industry is among the most misun­derstood of all industries. Just as society has decided it is wise to have a population knowledgeable about sex educa­tion, so must the population be knowledgeable about phar­maceutical development.

A creative act and nine months of development are needed to launch a new person. The creative act of discov­ering a new pharmaceutical is followed by an average of 10 years and 100 million American dollars in development costs.