II. Retell the text giving answers to the following questions:

1. What is chipping? 2. What is a chisel? What types of chisels do you know? 3. What does the work of a chisel depend on? 4. What does the angle of the cutting edge of a chisel depend on? 5. Why is the top face of a chisel given a certain slope? 6. What is the front rake? 7. What plane is called the "front cutting face? 8. What plane is called the "back cutting face? 9. What is the clearance angle? 10. What is the lip angle? 11. What is the cutting angle?

III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions by, from, in, of, on:

1. Chisels are used … removing stock … works. 2. Chis­els are usually made … a high grade steel. 3. The cutting edge … a chisel is ... the form … a wedge. 4. The correct cutting angle … a chisel depends … the strength … a stock to be chipped. 5. Stocks are chipped ... means … a chisel and a hammer.

IV. Supply antonyms for the following words:

hard, large, suitable, convenient, backward, long

V. Make up adverbs from the following words and translate them into Russian:

different, hard, main, external, large, convenient

VI. Change the following sentences using the Infinitive Construction and translate them into Russian:

Example: The chisels which are to be used for chipping met­als are made of high

grade steel.

The chisels to be used for chipping metals are made of high grade steel.

1. Different types of chisels are made of a good grade chisel steel which has to be forged, annealed, and then har­dened and tempered. 2. Chisels which must be applied for chipping metal stocks are made of hard steel. 3. Working a metal to a desired shape by forging produces the best com­bination of physical characteristics for parts which will be highly stressed. 4. An auxiliary equipment which will be used together with the forging hammer must withstand the vibration or impact of the forging blows. 5. The weight of hammers depends on the stock which will be removed. 6. The work required to separate the chip from the stock will de­pend upon the material which is to be machined and the separation area.

VII. Translate the following sentences, observing different meanings of the words and word combinations given in italics:

1. There are different means of chipping stocks.2. Chipping is performed by means of such instruments as a chisel and a hammer. 3. It means that you have to remove some more metal from the workpiece. 4. By no means should this chisel be used for this workpiece. 5. A chisel must by all means he applied for removing some metal from the work-piece.

VIII. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:

1. The workpiece to be tooled is fixed during the chipping process in the bench vice. 2. A chisel is a tool made of very hard steel. 3. A chisel has a cutting edge at one end of the blade. 4. The cutting edge of a chisel is wedge-shaped. 5. The angle between the two edges of the tool in the plane of the true rake is called the "lip angle".

IX. Using the following words and word combinations describe the drawing shown in Fig. 2:

a chisel, to be a tool of very hard steel, to have a cutting edge, to be wedge-shaped, to be under the effect of an external force, to cut into metal, the work of the wedge, to depend on the cutting angle, to be sharpened to an acute angle, to provide the best cutting conditions.

2. METAL-CUTTING AND LOCKSMITH'S CUTTING TOOLS

Metal cutting differs from chipping in substituting im­pact stresses by pressing forces in this operation. Cutting is used for separating some part from a piece of metal as well as to cut angles, grooves and pipes. Depending upon the shape and size of workpieces cutting is done by means of different cutting tools such as pliers, bench-shears, alligator shears, hack saws and pipe-cutters made of carbon steel.

Fig. 4. Pliers: 1 – cutting jaw; 2 – handle

Pliers, or wire-cutters (Fig. 4) are used for cutting thin wire. Pliers consist of two cutting jaws and two handles. A piece of wire is placed between the cutting jaws and the wire is cut by exerting pressure on the handles of the pliers.

Fig. 5. Bench-Shears:

1— shear blade; 2 — handle

Bench shears are made of steel. Lateral surfaces of shear blades are hardened, sharpened and ground.

Bench-shears (Fig. 5) are provided with two handles one of which is at a right angle to the other and fixed on a bench. The length of the handle is 400-800 mm, while that of the cutting part is 100-300 mm. The material is cut by pressing on one of the handles.

Fig. 6 Hack Saw

1 — frame: 2 — toothed blade

A hack saw (Fig. 6) is used for cutting thick metal sheets, bars, round-shaped material, etc. The hack saw consists of a frame and a long toothed blade made of tool carbon steel. The teeth on the blade are hardened. The blades with different pitches have different applications, the pitch of the blade depending on the material to be sawed. The thinner the material to be handled, the finer must be

the pitch of the blade used for sawing this material, and vice versa.

Fig. 7. Alligator Shears:

1 — bed; 2 — bedplate; 3 — arm; 4 — cutting blade; 5 — electromotor; 6 — machine vice

Fig. 7 shows alligator shears which is a heavy duty machine for cutting materials of large sections such as pipes, beams, auto frames, axles and different types of industrial scrap. The alligator shears consist of cast iron bed 1 and bedplate 2. Arm 3 is mounted on the bedplate. Cutting blade 4 is fixed within the arm. Electromotor 5 imparts reciprocating motion to the arm and the, blade. The workpiece to be cut is clamped in machine vice 6.

Special pipe-cutters (Fig. 8) serve for cutting pipes. The pipe-cutter consists of body 1, handle 4, and three steel cutting rollers. Two rollers 2 installed on the fixed axles of the body and roller 3 installed on the axle of the handle may revolve and cut a pipe fixed in a special pipe fixture. For this purpose the pipe-cutter is turned round the pipe to be cut, pressing the cutting rollers against its surface.

Fig. 8. Pipe-Cutters:

1- body; 2 – rollers; 3 – roller; 4 - handle

Exercises