IX. Describe Fig. 22 orally using the following words and word combinations:

the body of a twist drill, to represent, a cylindrical rod, to have two spiral grooves, to serve, forming, the cutting edges of the drill, to be called lips, the lips, to be connected, a third edge, to be known, a web, to penetrate into material by rubbing, the shank, the drill, clamping the drill in the chuck, to be of different shapes, cylindrical shanks and ta­pered shanks, the third part of the drill, a drill point, to be ground to a cutting angle, to depend on, material to be drilled

8. Threading tools

There are different types of thread-cutting tools depending upon the operations to be performed. Thread-cutting tools are classified according to the work done into female screw-cutting tools and male screw-cutting tools.

According to their construction they are known as taps, nut taps (Fig. 23), and threading dies. The tap used for cutting female threads in holes is made in the form of a screw provided mostly with straight grooves forming the cutting edges of the tool. The tap made of a steel cylindrical bar stock consists of the working part and the shank.

Fig. 23. Set of Taps

The shank serves for fastening the tap in a chuck or in a tap wrench (Fig. 24).

Fig. 24. Tap Wrench

Threads can be cut by means of taps either by hand or on a machine. With manual tapping usually a set of two or three taps is used. The first tap serves for cutting threads; then the second tap is used; the third tap is applied for final thread cutting. With mechanical tapping in such materials as cast iron, bronze, brass, copper, aluminium, etc. one tap is used. When steel is tapped sometimes a set of two tools is used. Before cutting threads the tap should be set so that its axis strictly coincides with that of the hole to be cut, otherwise the thread may be oblique. To cut male threads such an instrument as a threading die is used, which is held in the die holder (Fig. 25).

A threading die is usually made of internally threaded flat steel stock with cutting grooves or flutes. Between these grooves or flutes there are the cutting edges of the tool by means of which male threading is performed.

Threading Die Die Holder

Fig. 25.

Exercises

I. Translate the following words and phrases from the text:

thread, to classify, female screw-cutting tools, nut tap, to tap, threading die, die holder, tap wrench, male threads, female threads

II. Retell the text giving answers to the following questions:

1. How are thread-cutting tools classified according to the work done by them? 2. How are thread-cutting tools classified according to their construction? 3. What instrument is used for cutting threads? 4. What is the construction of a tap? 5. How can threads be cut? 6. What is needed for manual tapping? 7. What is the purpose of the first, second and third tap? 8. How should the tap be set before cutting threads and why is it necessary to do that? 9. What instrument is used for cutting male threads?

III. Supply synonyms for the following words:

to perform, female thread, male thread, construction, instrument, form

IV. Give derivatives from the following words and translate them into Russian:

to operate, to perform, to cut, to construct, to thread, to tap, to fasten, usual, to hold

V. Supply antonyms for the following words:

straight grooves, manual tapping, final, to coincide

VI. Translate the following sentences observing different meanings of the word machine:

1. This machine is mainly used for removing large pieces of metal. 2, The engineer explained in his lecture how to machine workpieces of different shapes and sizes. 3. The size and shape of all machine parts should be checked by means of different measuring tools.

VII. Make up questions to which the italicized words are the answers:

1. With mechanical tapping in cast iron, bronze, brass, copper, and aluminium one tap is used. 2. When steel is tapped a set of two tools is used. 3. Before cutting threads the tap should be firmly set in a tap wrench. 4. A threading die is made of internally threaded flat steel stock.

VIII. Describe Figs 23 and 24 orally using the following words and word-combinations:

the tap, to be made, a cylindrical bar stock, to consist, the working part, the shank, to be used, fastening the thread­ing tool, in a chuck or in a tap wrench, two or three taps, to be applied, manual tapping, the first and the second taps, to serve, to cut threads, the third tap, final thread cutting

IX. Giving answers to the following questions describe the threading die shown in Fig. 25:

1. What operations are performed with a threading die? 2. What material is a threading die made of? 3. How is a threading die threaded? 4. What is there between the cutting grooves of a threading die?

9. METHODS OF HOLDING WORKS BETWEEN CENTRES

When machining a piece of work on a lathe the former is usually mounted between the lathe centres. Having been mount­ed on the lathe the work is supported by the conical points of the live and dead centres. The work must therefore have centre holes in each end drilled by using a combined drill and a countersink. The size of the centre hole has to be proportioned to the weight of the work and the size of cut to be taken. By virtue of the clearance holes the work does not rest on the extreme points of the centres. This is important because otherwise the position of the work will be indefin­ite. Owing to this method of holding work between centres, the work can be removed from the lathe as often as may be desired. If the work has to be mounted again between cen­tres for further treatment, it will rotate about the same axis as before.

The two lathe centres are mounted in two spindles: one — the live centre is held in the headstock spindle and turns together with the spindle and the work, the other— the dead centre is held in the tailstock spindle and in most cases does not turn and rubs against the work piece. The point of the dead centre should be hardened to prevent its wearing during the operations performed on the lathe. Both lathe centres should always be aligned, i. e. the points are to meet when the tailstock with its centre is moved up to the headstock centre. A turner tests the alignment of the centres by taking a cut and then measuring both ends of the cut by a micro­meter. Having got the same measurements, the turner may be sure that the centres are aligned and he may proceed with the turning. The centre shown in Fig. 26 consists of a cone, on which the work to be treated is installed, and of a tapered shank, which fits corresponding taper holes in the headstock spindle and tailstock poppet.

Fig. 26. Centre:

1 — cone; 2 — tapered shank

When works are machined at high speeds or when the former are too heavy a dead centre and the work will be heated up so as to cause excessive wear from friction. In such cases the so called "running centres" are used. Fig. 27 shows a run­ning centre inserted into the taper hole of the tailstock poppet. The centre rotates on ball bearings. The thrust exerted on the centre is taken by the available ball thrust bearing. The tapered shank fits the taper hole of the tailstock poppet.

Fig. 27. Running Centre:

1 — centre; 2, 4 — ball bearings; 3 — tapered shank; 5 — ball thrust bearing

Exercises