Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

man-made hazard technological hazard sociological hazards industrial hazard structural collapse power outage environmental impact engineering failure under-design corrosion attack aerodynamic flutter fire firestorm wildfire mine fire industrial accident gas explosion arson civil disorder terrorism warfare insurance contract disaster planning

- опасность, вызванная деятельностью человека - техногенная опасность - опасность для общества - опасность в промышленности - структурное обрушение, обвал - (аварийное) отключение электроэнергии - воздействие на окружающую среду - конструкторский просчет - проектная ошибка - интенсивная коррозия - аэродинамическая вибрация, аэродинамический резонанс - пожар - верховой пожар - пожар в незаселенной местности - пожар в шахте - несчастный случай на производстве - взрыв газа - поджог - нарушение общественного порядка - терроризм - боевые действия - договор (социального) страхования - предусматривать катастрофу

Задание I

А) Определите:

а) какой частью речи являются слова:

element, system, include, deal, disrupt, rarely, carelessness, enough, produce, also, consume, dramatically, increase, typically, low, minimum, wage

б) переведите приведенные выше слова, учитывая значение их суффиксов/префиксов.

Б) Из приведенных ниже слов образуйте однокоренные слова, относящиеся к другим частям речи. Переведите их (при затруднении обратитесь к словарю):

system (adj, v) technological (n, adv), industrial (n, adv), disaster (adj), personal (n, adv), escalate (n), include (n,adj), deal (n), carelessness (v, n, adj), produce (n, adj), consume (n), dramatically (n, adj), typically (n, adj)

Задание II

А. Пользуясь текстом и предложенными словами, составьте и переведите все возможные словосочетания:

technological	a) collapse
structural	b) disaster
mining	c) impact
environmental	d) hazard
power	e) outage

Б. Подберите эквиваленты к словосочетаниям, обозначенным цифрами:

подрывать деловую активность разрастаться до размеров бедствия несчастный случай на производстве опасности на производстве медицинские и спасательные службы обвал моста

a) industrial hazards b) bridge failure c) disrupt business activities d) medical and rescue services e) escalate to disaster proportions f) industrial accident

В. Заполните пропуски, используя предложенные слова и словосочетания:

self-ignite, lightning, a riot, power outages, dams, employee crime

1. Miscalculation and errors in engineering can cause failure of ____ which is quite common nowadays.

2. Hurricanes and floods can happen at the same time with______ _____ .

3. During thunderstorms ________ can often be the cause of an uncontrolled fire in wildland areas.

4. Some industrial accidents in the mines can happen if there is a ‘right’ combination of certain temperatures and the content of moisture which makes coal _____ .

5. Illegal actions, which can be punished by law, such as embezzlement and sabotage, are usually classified as sociological hazards and refer to ______ _______ .

6. Civil disorder which can have a form of ______ may have different roots – from being underpaid to being racially segregated.

Задание III

Задайте к тексту пять общих и специальных вопросов.

Задание IV

А. Найдите фрагмент текста, в котором рассматриваются различные определения терроризма.

Б. Завершите предложение в соответствии с содержанием текста:

Hazards caused by people are dangerous events

a) creating fear with the aim of achieving certain (a political, religious, or ideological) goals.

b) having an element of human purpose, carelessness, mistake or including a failure of a system.

c) disrupting personal and business activities as well as medical and rescue services, causing business losses and medical emergencies.

В. Выберите предложение, смысл которого противоречит содержанию текста:

1. Man-made hazards are divided into technological hazards and sociological hazards.

2. Various engineering failures, caused by gradual destruction of metal or by aerodynamic factors, are referred to natural disasters.

3. Consequences of man-made hazards are not usually mentioned in insurance contracts and disaster planning.

Задание V

Составьте и напишите фрагмент аннотации текста с использованием следующих клише:

The key point of the text under the title “Man-made hazards”is ….

According to the text….

Particular attention is given to ….

The presented data are supposed to be ….

Unit 6

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни:

ozone, critical, proportion, stratospheric, introduction, respiratory, emission, contribute, photosynthesis, organic, toxin, thermal, spectrum, application, pesticide, phenomenon, intensity, carcinogenic, leukemia.

Прочитайте текст. Пользуясь словарем, определите значение незнакомых слов и выпишите их в тетрадь.

FACTORS THREATENING THE ENVIRONMENT

Environment comprises all of the external factors affecting an organism. These factors may be other living organisms (biotic factors) or nonliving variables (abiotic factors), such as temperature, rainfall, day length, wind and ocean currents. The problems facing the environment are vast and diverse. Global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere, and destruction of the world’s rainforests, air, water pollution and soil contamination are just some of the problems that many scientists believe will reach critical proportions in the coming decades.

Air pollution has been responsible for global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion during the last century. Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm (deaths, respiratory diseases) or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the environment. The greatest source of emissions is mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for plant life through photosynthesis. Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary. The most dangerous primary pollutants produced by human activity include: sulfur oxides (SOx); nitrogen oxides (NOx); carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas; toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper; radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon.

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants which live in these water bodies. Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases. Water pollution has many causes and characteristics. Industries discharge a variety of pollutants in their wastewater including heavy metals, resin pellets, organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and solids. Discharges can also have thermal effects, especially those from power stations, and these reduce the available oxygen. Pollutants in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals (insecticides and herbicides) and pathogens (food processing waste, tree and brush debris from logging operations).

Soil contamination is the presence of man-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. This type of contamination typically arises from the rupture of underground storage tanks, application of pesticides, percolation of contaminated surface water to subsurface strata, leaching of wastes from landfills or direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead and other heavy metals. This occurrence of this phenomenon is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical usage. Soil contamination results when hazardous substances are either spilled or buried directly in the soil or migrate to the soil from a spill that has occurred elsewhere. There is a very large set of health consequences from exposure to soil contamination depending on pollutant type, pathway of attack and vulnerability of the exposed population. Chromium and obsolete pesticide formulations are carcinogenic to populations. Lead is especially hazardous to young children, in which group there is a high risk of developmental damage to the brain, while to all populations kidney damage is a risk. Chronic exposure to at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with higher incidence of leukemia. Obsolete pesticides such as mercury are known to induce higher incidences of kidney damage, some irreversible. Not unexpectedly, soil contaminants can have significant deleterious consequences for ecosystems.

Запомните необходимый минимум профессиональной лексики:

external factor depletion of the ozone layer rainforest pollution soil contamination introduction into the atmosphere chemicals particulate matter biological material source of emission pollutant cause discharge thermal effect insecticide herbicide pathogen alteration natural soil environment rupture underground storage tank pesticide pollutant type pathway of attack vulnerability chronic exposure

- внешний фактор - уменьшение озонового слоя - тропический лес - загрязнение - загрязнение почвы - выброс в атмосферу - химические препараты, вещества - вещество в форме частиц - биологический материал - источник выброса - загрязнитель - причина - выделение - тепловой эффект - инсектицид - гербицид - патоген, болезнетворное вещество - изменение - естественная окружающая среда почвы - прорыв, разрушение - подземное хранилище резервуаров - пестицид - тип загрязнителя - путь загрязнения - уязвимость - постоянная незащищенность

Задание I

А) Определите:

а) какой частью речи являются слова:

critical, proportion, responsible, stratospheric, respiratory, discomfort, contribute, recently, volcanic, directly, react, interact, photochemical, groundwater, arise, surface, correlated, intensity, directly, irreversible, unexpectedly