- •1. Give the Russian variants to the following words and word combinations:
- •2. Read the text and try to organize the information according to the items:
- •Dentistry department of the Volgograd State Medical University
- •Text 1. Dental course in Great Britain.
- •Text 2. Dental course in the usa
- •Text I. Creighton University (the usa)
- •Text II. Baylor College of Dentistry
- •Text III. Harvard School of Dental Medicine
- •Text IV. Boston University School of Medicine
- •1. Pay attention to the following words and word combinations – the meaning of some of them in the language of medicine differs from that in every-day English.
- •Members of a dental team
- •2. Find all the verbs in the sentences and define their function.
- •Text I. Laboratory technicians.
- •Text II. Dental assistants
- •1. Speak on the use of pronouns some, any and their derivatives and find the examples in the text.
- •Dentistry advances
- •3. Summarize the information on the advances of dentistry, using the chart. What period was the turning point in the development of dentistry (from your point of view)? Prove it.
- •4. Read the text. Be ready to answer the questions. The bones of the skull.
- •1. Find the adjective in the text and explain how the degrees of comparison are formed.
- •2. State whether the predicate is used in Passive or Active Voice. Translate the sentences.
- •Alveolar Processes and Alveolar Bone
- •Oral cavity
- •2. Find the sentences with the verb to be. State its functions.
- •3. Look through the last paragraph of the text and find the Infinitives. State their function.
- •Hard Palate, Soft Palate and Pharynx
- •Lips and cheeks
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •Anatomical Structure of the Tooth
- •Tooth development
- •The Teeth
- •Human Dentition
- •6. Answer the questions:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English.
- •1. Find the Participles and translate the sentences:
- •2. Translate the following sentences from the text, pay attention to ing-forms translation. Define the part of speech and the function of the verb in the ing-form.
- •3. Differentiate between the ing-forms of verbs. Translate the sentences.
- •Table of Eruption of Teeth.
- •Text I. Tooth structures formation
- •Text II. Three periods of cementum deposition
- •Text III. The embryonal period of the oral cavity development.
- •Text IV. Development of the jaws
- •Text V. Development of the oral cavity as a whole
- •1. Try to guess what teeth are spoken about. Prove your point of view.
- •3. Imagine that you are a pedodontist. Tell a child’s mother about the eruption of teeth and possible alterations or abnormalities. Try to explain a significant role of the process.
- •1. Essential Vocabulary
- •2. Translate the word combinations:
- •3. Read the text and determine the sequence of the digestive processes occurring in the oral cavity. Digestion in the mouth. Mastication.
- •1. Find the examples of Gerund in the text, state the functions of the verbs.
- •2. Insert the prepositions where it is necessary:
- •3. Translate the sentences, define non-finite verb forms.
- •The chemical reduction of food
- •1. Remember the pronunciation and the meaning of the words and word combinations.
- •Anomalies of the oral cavity structures
- •1. Find in the text the verbs with prepositions (phrasal verbs), remember their meaning.
- •2. Use do or make to form fixed phrases. Put the words below into the correct column.
- •3. Read the text and choose one of the answers to fit each space. Essential skills for life
- •Text I. A little patient with a cleft lip and palate
- •Text II. Malocclusion in children
- •Text I. Occlusal interferences and occlusal harmony
- •Text II. Facial clefts
- •Text III. Oral structures anomalies in ancient times
- •Harmful habits
- •1. Find the examples of the Infinitive and Gerund in the text, explain the reasons for their use.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb – Infinitive or Gerund.
- •Text I. Bruxism
- •Treatment of bruxism
- •Text II. Thumb-sucking and pacifier use may damage children's teeth
- •Text I. Eating habits - the rules or prejudices?
- •Text II. A bibliographical survey of bruxism
- •Incidence of bruxism
- •Text III. Stained teeth
- •Text IV. What effect does diet have on my oral health?
- •Normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract
- •Text I. Caries-producing microorganisms
- •Text II. Microbiological aspects of caries prevention
- •Text I. Bacteria from gum infections are associated with diabetes and chronic lung disease.
- •Text II. Bad teeth and gums may exacerbate existing lung problems.
- •Text III. Tea fights cavities, reduces plaque
- •Text IV. The suspected link between mothers’ gum disease and the health of her offspring.
- •1. Make a report on the microbiological basis of dental health.
- •2. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Prove your point of view with the facts presented in the texts of the Unit.
- •Preventive dentistry
- •Text I. The influence of xylitol
- •Text II. Fluorine and teeth
- •Text III. Health education programme for mothers with young children
- •Text I. Flossing is still best for oral health care
- •Text II. Dental check-ups for children
- •Text III. The role of fluoride in dentistry
- •The Noun (Имя существительное)
- •1. Подлежащее
- •2. Сказуемое
- •3. Дополнение
- •4. Обстоятельство
- •5. Определение
- •The Article (Артикль)
- •The Pronoun (Местоимение)
- •Производные от some, any, no, every
- •Слова – заместители существительных
- •The Adjective (Имя прилагательное), The Adverb (Наречие)
- •The Numeral (Имя числительное)
- •The Verb (Глагол)
- •Voice (залог):
- •Основные функции глагола to do
- •Времена группы Indefinite Present Indefinite Active (Настоящее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Past Indefinite Active (Прошедшее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Future Indefinite Active (Будущее неопределенное действительного залога)
- •Модальные глаголы Модальные глаголы can, may, must
- •Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
- •Общее правило образования отрицательной и вопросительной формы сказуемого
- •Времена группы Perfect
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Времена группы Continuous Active
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous Active
- •Неличные формы глагола
- •Infinitive (инфинитив)
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Participle I (Причастие действительного залога)
- •Participle II (Причастие страдательного залога)
- •Gerund (Герундий)
Text III. The role of fluoride in dentistry
The history of fluoride in dentistry is over 100 years old. Sir James Crichton Browne made an inspired guess about the importance of fluoride in the diet in 1892. Fluoride was isolated from water supplies in 1931 and has been incorporated into water, milk, salt, tablets, and drops. It has also been included as an active agent for the prevention of dental caries in toothpastes, professionally applied topical fluoride agents and mouth rinses.
The use of fluorides for dental purposes began in the nineteenth century. The first entirely speculative ideas led to the development of fluoride-containing pills in the 1890s. The first reference to a prophylactic role for fluoride may well have been made by Erhadt in 1874. He reported: “As, for a long time, Iron was given for the blood, Calcium and Phosphorus for the bones, so has it been successful to add Fluoride to the tooth enamel in a soluble and absorbable form. It is Fluoride that gives hardness and durability to the tooth enamel and protects against caries”.
In 1908 the British Dental Journal, under the heading 'Calcium fluoride in therapeutics' gave an abstract from a French pharmaceutical journal on fluoride dosages. The article referred to the beneficial effect of fluoride in the healing of bone fractures and stated that it was 'generally recognized' that fluoride is necessary for the health of teeth.
The study of the relationship between fluoride concentration in drinking water, mottled enamel, and dental caries was begun by young dental officer of the US Public Health Service, Dr H. Trendley Dean. His aim was to find out the 'minimal threshold' of fluorine—the level at which fluorine began to blemish the teeth. He showed conclusively that the severity of mottling increased with increasing fluoride concentration in the drinking water.
What about dental fluorosis?
Dental fluorosis is a hypoplasia or hypomaturation of tooth enamel or dentine produced by the chronic ingestion of excessive amounts of fluoride during the period when teeth are developing. The major cause of dental fluorosis is the consumption of water, containing high levels of fluoride by infants and children during the first six years of life. Although both primary and permanent teeth may be affected by fluorosis, under uniform conditions fluorosis tends to be greater in permanent teeth than primary ones. This disparity may be due to the fact that much of the mineralization of primary teeth occurs before birth and the placenta serves as a barrier to the transfer of high concentrations of plasma fluoride from a pregnant mother to her developing fetus. Other reasons may be that the period of enamel formation for primary teeth is shorter than for permanent teeth and that the enamel of primary teeth is thinner than that of permanent teeth.
In the last 10 years a number of workers have drawn attention to the possibility of an increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis. The available evidence points to an increase in dental fluorosis in both fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. Increased fluoride exposure from a variety of fluoride-containing dental products is the most likely source. In some cases, health professionals may prescribe fluoride dietary supplements inappropriately, or fail to advise parents to teach their small children to spit out, not to swallow, fluoride toothpaste. Increases in dental fluorosis are an indication that total fluoride exposure is increasing and may be more than necessary to prevent tooth decay. Prudent public health practice dictates using no more than the amount necessary to achieve a desired effect.
Speaking
Case 1.
Imagine yourself working as a Health Department authority. At the annual sittings it was decided to reduce the financing if the programs aimed at preventing dental diseases. Prove that this decision was wrong.
Case 2.
Imagine yourself working in the sphere of dental products development. Prove the necessity of xylitol and fluorine use in the oral hygiene products.
Case 3.
Imagine yourself working as a pedodontist. A woman brought a six-year-old child and you paid attention that more than 15 months had passed since their last visit. Explain the importance of regular check-ups for her child’s dental health.
Appendix 1
Course Schedules (Baylor College of Dentistry)-
First Year (Study hours 8.00 a.m.- 12.00;
1.00p.m.-2.00 p.m. in fall semester and to 4p.m. in spring semester)
Subjects (in the order of introduction)
Dental Anatomy/ Dental Anatomy Lab
Biochemistry/Nutrition
Principles of Epidemiology & Dental Public Health
Cell/ Molecular Biology
Introduction to Clinical Practice I
History of Dentistry
Library Orientation
Gross Anatomy/Gross Anatomy Lab
Information Technology in Dentistry
Growth & Development
General Histology/General Histology Lab
Micro/ Immunology
Physiology
Neuroscience
Operative dentistry
Occlusion
Human Behavior in Dentistry
Second year (Study hours 8.00 a.m.- 12.00; 1.00p.m.- 3.00p.m.)
Subjects (in the order of introduction)
Operative Dentistry/ Operative Dentistry Lab
Removable Prosthodontics/ Removable Prosthodontics Lab
Oral Radiology
Periodontics
General Pathology
Fixed Prosthodontics/Fixed Pros. Lab
Dental Pharmacology
Preclinical Diagnostic
Introduction to Clinical Practice II
Endodontics/Endodontics Lab
Applied Preventive Dentistry
Local Anesthesia & Nitrous Oxide Sedation
Pediatric Dentistry
Orthodontics/Orthodontics Lab
Oral Pathology
Basic Dentoalveolar Surgery
Third year (Study hours – 8.00p.m. – 10.00;
10.00- 12.00 and 1p.m.-2p.m.- clinic)
Subjects (in the order of introduction)
Professional Ethics
Advanced Dentoalveolar Surgery
Medical Pharmacology
Human Behavior in Dentistry
Clinical Principles of Patient Evaluation
Anesthesia in Dentistry
Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
Advanced Removable Prosthodontics/Dental Implants
Implant Dentistry
Occlusion
Clinical Principles of Patient Evaluation
Selectives
Fourth year (Study hours – 8.00a.m.-10.00;
10.00-12.00 and 1.00p.m.-2.00p.m.-clinic)
Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
Pediatric Dentistry
Professional Ethics & Dental Jurisprudence
Orthdontics
Applied Pharmacology
Advanced Principles of Patient Evaluation
Advanced Techniques & Materials
Geriatric Dentistry
Selectives
Appendix2
FIRST-YEAR COURSES (Boston University School of Medicine)
Molecular Genetics Anatomical Sciences Biochemistry Physiology/Endocrinology/Neurophysiology Microbiology and Immunology Pathology (General) Introduction to Dental Practice Professional Ethics Evidence-Based Dentistry Integrated Problems in Practice Management Applied Professional Experience Clerkship (APEX) Dental Anatomy Operative Dentistry Biomaterials
SECOND-YEAR COURSES Endodontics Preclinical Endodontics Oral Biology Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Treatment Planning General Medicine and Dental Correlations Pain Control Physical Diagnosis Preclinical Pediatric Dentistry-Orthodontics Periodontology Preventive Dentistry Behavioral Sciences Applied Professional Experience Clerkship (APEX) Operative Dentistry Removable Prosthodontics Fixed Prosthodontics Biomaterials Occlusion THIRD-YEAR COURSES Pharmacology Oral Medicine Orthodontics Oral Surgery Pain Control Oral Pathology Pediatric Dentistry Periodontology Health Care Law Dental Career Perspectives Operative Dentistry Removable Prosthodontics Fixed Prosthodontics Esthetic Dentistry Implantology
COMPREHENSIVE PATIENT CARE COURSES Clinical Periodontology Clinical Operative Dentistry Clinical Fixed Prosthodontics Clinical Removable Prosthodontics
FOURTH-YEAR COURSES
Clinical Licensure Board Preparation Geriatrics and Gerontology Integrated Problems in Practice Management
Treatment Planning Seminar COMPREHENSIVE PATIENT CARE COURSES Clinical Endodontics Clinical Periodontology Clinical Operative Dentistry Clinical Fixed Prosthodontics Clinical Removable Prosthodontics
CLINICAL ROTATIONS Clinical Pediatric Dentistry Extramural Training Program (Externship) Clinical Oral Diagnosis, Radiology, Patient Recall, and Emergency Dental Care Clinical Oral Surgery and Hospital Dentistry
Elective Externship
Grammar supplement