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5. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a camera used for? 2. What are the basic principles of modern SLR camera? 3. What does the barrel of the lens contain? 4. How many modes are used in video camera? 5. Where does the camera feed real time images directly to a screen for immediate observation? 6. What makes it easier for you to focus and compose because the image you're seeing is as bright as possible? 7. What allows you to see through the viewfinder again? 8. Is the light organized by the lens, isn’t it?

6. Put the questions to the following sentences:

1. 9A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a story conveyed with moving images. 2. Digital video is a type of video recording system that works by using a digital rather than an analog video signal. 3. Live television refers to television broadcast in real time. 4. A videotape is a recording of images and sounds on to magnetic tape as opposed to movie film or random access digital media. 5. An electron gun is an electrical component that produces an electron beam. 6. The videocassette recorder is a type of electro-mechanical device that uses removable videotape cassettes for recording audio and video. 7. The barrel of the lens contains a focusing ring which allows you to focus on objects near and far.8. In a communication system, a transmitter encodes a message into a signal. 9. A digital signal is a physical signal that is a representation of a sequence of discrete values , for example of arbitrary bit stream, or of a digitized analog signal.10. Most of the optical and mechanical elements of a movie camera are present in the movie projector.

7. Match the first part (1-8) of the sentence with the second part (a-f):

1. The movie camera is …

2. A camera is …

3. The electromagnetic spectrum is …

4. An image sensor is …

5. A videotape is …

6. An audio tape recorder is …

7. The light is organized by …

8. The camera is what might be called a live broadcast, where the camera ….

a) … a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal.

b) … a recording of images and sounds on to magnetic tape as opposed to movie film or random access digital media.

c) … a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film.

d)… a device that records/stores images.

e) … an audio storage device that records and plays back sounds.

f) … the range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

g) … feeds real time images directly to a screen for immediate observation.

h) … the lens.

8. Read the supplementary text, translate and entitle it:

Basic operation: When the shutter inside the camera is open, the film is illuminated. When the shutter is completely covering the film gate, the film strip is being moved one frame further by one or two claws which advance the film by engaging and pulling it through the perforations.

Most of the optical and mechanical elements of a movie camera are present in the movie projector. The requirements for film tensioning, take-up, intermittent motion, loops, and rack positioning are almost identical. The camera will not have an illumination source and will maintain its film stock in a light-tight enclosure. A camera will also have exposure control via an iris aperture located on the lens. Also, there is a rotating, sometimes mirrored shutter behind the lens, which alternately passes the light from the lens to the film, or reflects it into the viewfinder. The righthand side of the camera is often referred to by camera assistants as "the dumb side" because it usually lacks indicators or readouts and access to the film threading, as well as lens markings on many lens models. More recent equipment often has done much to minimize these shortcomings, although access to the film movement block by both sides is precluded by basic motor and electronic design necessities.

9. Render the text: Video camera

UNIT 2

Pre-text exercises:

1. Make the collocations with the following words: have, catch, come, go, get

a cold, to a decision, a problem, a job, abroad, direct, on time, late, a ball, a bus, someone's attention, permission, a good time, online, sympathy, a relationship, to an agreement, the impression, fishing, to a compromise, the message, sailing, to an end, upset, the flu, a bath, a rest

2. Find the Ukrainian equivalents for the following English words and word

combinations :

  1. videotape recorder, fragile, contamination, recording mechanism, video cassette,

roller, the tape, failure result, screen

b) забруднення, зараження; відеокасетний магнітофон; відсутність результату; відеокасетa; екран; крихкий, ламкий; пристрій що реєструє (записує); обертовий циліндр, плівка

3. Which of these words from the list are similar in your language? Do they mean the same?

Corporation, television, show, plastic, signal, recorder, video, material, roller, problem, familiar, mechanism, user, film, process, cable, convert, individual, computer, function

4. Read the text and translate it: Video Tape Recorder

In 1956, the first commercial reel-to-reel videotape recorder was created by Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby while working for the Ampex Corporation. This new device was a major development for television broadcasters because it marked the first time that shows could be recorded and broadcast later.

The VCR itself has two jobs:

It must deal with the tape -- an extremely thin, fairly fragile and incredibly long piece of plastic.

It must read the signals off of the tape and convert them to signals that a TV can understand.

A video tape recorder (VTR), is a tape recorder that can record video material. When video recording was first invented, video was recorded onto individual tape reels, as were audio recordings. Loading a videotape reel required threading of the tape through rollers and across recording and playback heads onto a take-up reel. Reel-to-reel recorders have inherent problems of tape damage from hand-threading, tape media contamination due to threading with bare hands, and an exposed tape path contaminated by dust.

The video cassette recorder (VCR), where the videotape is enclosed in a user-friendly videocassette shell, is the most familiar type of VTR known to consumers. The tape is pre-attached onto two reels enclosed within the cassette, and tape loading and unloading is automated. There is no need for the user to ever touch the tape, and the media can be protected from dust, dirt, and tape misalignments that could foul the recording mechanism. Typically the only time the user ever touches the tape in a videocassette is when a failure results in tape getting stuck in the mechanism.

Prior to the invention of the video tape recorder, live video was recorded onto motion picture film, in a process known as telerecording. And although the first Quadruplex VTRs recorded with good quality, the recordings could not be slowed or freeze framed, so telerecording processes were still used for about a decade after the development of the first VTRs.

Just as DVDs have replaced videocassettes, digital video recorders are replacing video cassette recorders. Though VCRs can be made compatible to record digital TV signals, digital video recorders come ready to do it. DVRs record their images onto a hard drive that will hold around 40 hours of video. It is essentially a computer whose sole function is to record and playback digital video. A DVR tuner receives and decodes the digital signal, but you need to make sure it can work with however you receive their TV signal (regular TV, cable or satellite). Some signal providers will make you use their equipment to record TV. The signal is then stored on the hard drive, and sent to the TV screen if you want to view the images.

Post-text exercises: