X. Fill in the gaps using the knowledge of the text:

• Cultural heritage "____________" or just "____________" is the __________ of physical ____________ and _____________ of a group or ____________ that are ____________ from past generations, ____________ in the present and _____________ for the ____________ of future generations.

• Physical or "____________" includes ___________ and historic___________, ___________, ___________, etc., that are considered ____________ of ____________ for the future.

• "___________ heritage" is also an ____________ part of a culture, ___________ the countryside and_____________ , including ___________ and fauna.

• The ways and means of _____________ in a_____________, and the often formal ___________ for ___________ in a particular _____________ climate.

• Similarly _____________ is the _____________ each generation may ____________ on the _____________ and on the ______________ that _____________ it to the past.

XI. Answer the fact-finding questions trying not to give a short answer, add some information to develop the idea:

1. What is Cultural heritage?

2. What does tangible cultural heritage include?

3. What is also an important part of a culture?

4. What objects are collected in museums and art galleries?

5. What does the broader definition of Cultural Heritage include?

6. How can the significance of physical artifacts be interpreted?

7. Why are objects important to the study of human history?

8. What does the risk of making an object known and available reinforce?

9. What will affect whether an artifact will survive?

XII. Write the general idea of the text.

XIII. Divide the text into logical parts and make up an outline of the text.

XIV. Review the text according to your plan.

Unit XXX

I. Look through the words and expressions and learn them:

• to trace of family pedigrees – простежувати/з’ясовувати родословну;

• circumstantial (accidental, incidental, unimportant) evidence – побічні докази;

• "fleshing out" – висвітлення;

• to benefit from shared knowledge – скористатися загальними знаннями;

• foster homes – прийомна сім’я/дитбудинок;

• the quartering of coat of arms – поділ на чотири частини герба;

• to trace their ancestry to gods or the founders of their civilization – знайти ознаки зв’язку родоводу з богами та засновниками цивілізацій;

• to treat with caution – поводитись/ставитись з обережністю;

• parish – парафія;

• to pass down relatively unchanged – передавати відносно незмінними;

• to keep track of citizens – відслідковувати громадян;

• to work backward in time – працювати у зворотному напрямку в часі;

• to have the property of hindsight – мати особливість бути недалекоглядним/непрозорливим

II. Read and translate the text: genealogy

Genealogy (from Greek: genea – "family"; and logos – "knowledge") is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. This involves the collection of the names of relatives, both living and deceased, and establishing the relationships among them based on primary, secondary and/or circumstantial evidence or documentation, thus building up a cohesive family tree. Genealogy is often also referred to as family history, although these terms may be used distinctly: the former being the basic study of who is related to whom; the latter involving more "fleshing out" of the lives and personal histories of the individuals involved.

Genealogists collect oral histories and preserve family stories to discover ancestors and living relatives. Genealogists also attempt to understand not just where and when people lived but also their lifestyle, biography, and motivations. This often requires — or leads to — knowledge of antique law, old political boundaries, immigration trends, and historical social conditions.

Genealogists and family historians often join a Family History Society where novices can learn from more experienced researchers, and everyone benefits from shared knowledge.

Even an unsuccessful search for ancestors leads to a better understanding of history. The search for living relatives often leads to family reunions, both of distant cousins and of disrupted families. Genealogists sometimes help reunite families separated by war, immigration, foster homes, and adoption. The genealogist can help keep family traditions alive or reveal family secrets.

In its original form, genealogy was mainly concerned with the ancestry of rulers and nobles, often arguing or demonstrating the legitimacy of claims to wealth and power. The term often overlapped with heraldry, in which the ancestry of royalty was reflected in the quartering of their coat of arms. Many of the claimed ancestries are considered by modern scholars to be fabrications, especially the claims of kings and emperors who trace their ancestry to gods or the founders of their civilization. For example, the Anglo-Saxon chroniclers traced the ancestry of several English kings back to the god Woden (the English version of the Norse god Odin). If these descents were true, Queen Elizabeth II would be a descendant of Woden, via the kings of Wessex.

Genealogy, a popular hobby, received a big boost in the late 1970's. With the advent of the Internet, the number of resources available to genealogists has vastly increased; however, some of these sources must be treated with caution due to issues of accuracy.

Research efforts sometimes specialize on: types of relationships among people such as kinship to a particular group, e.g. a Scottish clan; a particular surname such as in a one-name study; a small community, e.g. a single village or parish, such as in a one-place study; or a particular person such as Winston Churchill or Ivan Mazepa.

Genetic analysis With the discovery that a person's DNA contains information that has been passed down relatively unchanged from our earliest ancestors, analysis of DNA has begun to be used for genealogical research.

A genealogical DNA test allows for two individuals to estimate the probability that they are (or are not) related within a certain time frame. Individual genetic test results are being collected in various databases to match people descended from a relatively recent common ancestor.

On a much longer time scale, genetic methods are being used to trace human migratory patterns and to determine biogeographical and ethnic origin. The results can be used to place people within ancient ancestral groups.

In a related development, non-genetic mathematical models of ancestry have been devised to determine the approximate year when the most recent common ancestor of all living humans existed.

Records in genealogical research Records of persons who were neither royalty nor nobility began to be taken by governments in order to keep track of their citizens (In most of Europe, for example, this started to take place in the 16th century). As more of the population began to be recorded, there were sufficient records to follow a family using the paper trail they left behind.

As each person lived his or her life, major events were usually documented with a license, permit or report which was stored at a local, regional or national office or archive. Genealogists locate these records, wherever they are stored, and extract information to discover family relationships and recreate timelines of persons' lives.

Records that are used in genealogy research include:

Vital records, Birth records, Death records; Marriage and divorce records; Adoption records; Baptism or christening records; Cemetery records, funeral home records, and tombstones; City directories and telephone directories; Criminal records; Diaries, personal letters and family Bibles; Emigration, immigration and naturalization records; Land and homestead records, deeds; Medical records; Passports; Photographs; School records; Pension records, Tax records, Voter registration records; Wills and probate records.

As a rule, genealogists begin with the present and work backward in time. Written records have the property of hindsight in that they only tell where a person might have lived and who their parents were, not where they and their descendants might subsequently reside. Two exceptions are when a genealogist might interview living relatives as to who and where their children and grandchildren are, or tries to locate long-lost relatives who may already have traced their families backward to an ancestor they have in common.