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III. Find English equivalents of those expressions in the text:

письмові джерела

повторюватись через певний час

розвиток письма

намагатись вивести узагальнюючий закон

соціальні умови

розділити на підрозділи

винести уроки

Вік Просвітництва

історичні місця

спотворювати докази (свідчення)

спадок

вік забобонів

виправдовувати та підтримувати

абсолютно

різні періоди

державні справи

система датування (відліку часу)

прослідковувати розвиток

сконцентруватися на певній темі

схема поведінки

етнічна група

IV. Say whether these statements correspond to the information of the text:

  • The field of history is practically unlimited.

  • Many historians are not unanimous in their conclusions about past events.

  • History became a school subject at the beginning of the 19th century.

  • Historians always studied cultural, economic, and social aspects of past human life.

  • The attitude of historians to some historical periods may change.

  • The division of history into ancient, medieval and modern periods can be applied to all societies.

V. Answer the questions to the text:

  1. What is usually understood under the term "history"?

  2. What spheres of human life do historians study?

  3. Why do historians study past events?

  4. Why do governments require schools to teach the country’s history?

  5. In what way do historians differ from other social scientists?

  6. What are the traditional divisions of Western history?

  7. What event serves as the basis of such division?

  8. Do you know other systems of historical division of other parts of the world?

VI. Finish the sentences according the information of the text:

  • History is often classified as ...

  • The past has left many traces, including …

  • Until the 1900's, historians primarily studied …

  • Historians may use theories from …

  • For years historians considered the medieval era as a period of …

  • Historians have traditionally split the field of history into ...

  • The division of history by topic enables historians to deal with ...

VII. Insert necessary words and expressions using those from the box:

  1. These records, as well as the ________________ themselves, are also ________________ called history.

  2. Some historians ___________________________________ from those actions and thoughts as a guide for decisions and _________________ today.

  3. History is used not only to tell students how their national way of life developed but also to _______________ and __________________ national ideals and _______________________.

  4. Historians study the _________________ or events of a __________________ time.

  5. This viewpoint prevented them from realizing that the Middle Ages had a _______________ of its own and formed the ________________of modern European civilization.

  6. Even the _____________________ differs because Western society uses the birth of Jesus Christ as a __________________.

  7. Some historians _________________ on such specialized ____________ as the history of science, of an ethnic group, or of a city.

topics; events; institutions; particular; seek to draw lessons; focus; conditions; policies; dividing line; justify; basis; dating system; commonly; support; vitality

VIII. Make up a plan of the text in the form of statements.

IX. Give the summary of the text.

X. Render the text close to its original variant.