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IX. Complete the following statements to develop the idea:

  • Periodization is the attempt to …

  • Most sciences that engage the history …

  • Periodization from the sciences includes …

  • Historical periods are …

  • Different nations and cultures require …

  • Periodizing labels are …

  • Certain periodizing concepts only apply …

  • The concept of the "Romantic period" may be …

  • It is possible to claim that …

  • Periodizing terms often have …

  • Giorgio Vasari coined the term …

  • The word "baroque" (probably) was used first in …

  • The term Dark Ages is no longer …

  • It is important to recognize the difference …

X. Answer the questions on the text:

  1. What is periodization?

  2. What does periodization from the sciences include?

  3. Why is it useful to divide history up?

  4. How are historical periods limited?

  5. What usage have periodizing concepts?

  6. What connotations do periodizing terms often have?

  7. Why are people living through a period unable to identify themselves as belonging to the period that historians may later assign to them?

  8. When was the word "baroque" probably used first?

  9. Why is it important to recognize the difference between self-defined historical periods, and those which are later defined by historians?

  10. Who coined the term "Gothic"?

  11. What was a general belief at the beginning of the 20th century?

XI. Insert prepositions in the gaps and translate the text.

of, to, from, in, with,

before, under, into

Origins of periodization

The origins ___ periodization is very old and first became part ___ the Western tradition ___ the myths ___ Ancient Greece and The Bible. Virgil spoke ___ a distant Golden Age and recurrent cycles ___ history. The Bible outlines a narrative ___ history ___ Creation ___ the End ___ time. One Biblical periodization scheme commonly used ___ the Middle Ages was Saint Paul's theological division ___ history ___ three ages: the first ___ the age of Moses (under nature); the second ___ Mosaic law (under law); the third ___ the age of Christ (under grace). But perhaps the most widely discussed periodization scheme ___ the Middle Ages was the Six Ages of the World, where every age was a thousand years counting ___ Adam ___ the present, ___ the present time (in the Middle Ages) being the sixth and final stage.

XII. Put the following words in their correct place in the passage below.

to confuse

an attempt

record

lightly

the introduction

subtle and philosophically

the invention

language

in detail