X. Змістовий модуль „Вирішення питань професійного та академічного характеру”

Практичне заняття № 1

Тема: Стан та перспективи розвитку галузі.( 2 год)

5. Читання, переклад та переказ тексту. Виконання після текстових вправ.

Read the texts and compare the information in section 1 and section 2.

ELECTRONIC INTELLIGENCE

On the one hand...,

Science fiction films and books are full of robots that look, and even think, exactly like humans. Some people believe it will not be long before such machines become a reality. However, most advanced electronic machines still look like people. These machines cannot yet think in the same way as a person; some say they never will. But they are able to make decisions and solve problems. An airliners automatic pilot, for example, can control the plane, even during take-off and landing.

Computers issue detailed instructions in order to control the way robots act. The simplest robots just follow a set of instructions and repeat the same movements again and again! Many factories rely on such robots to carry out the sort tasks that a human worker would certainly find very boring and they can do many jobs more rapidly and with great accuracy. Very advanced robots have sensors with which they can collect information about their surroundings. These robots can move from place to place, using very small television cameras to find the way. Many scientists are convinced that robots will soon be intelligent enough to explore other planets more effectively than humans.

Science fiction —научная фантастика; take off—взлет; landing—посадка; accuracy — точность; sensor — чувствительный элемент, датчик; humans — люди

On the other hand...

Robots are already able to do all sorts of repetitive tasks currently performed by human beings. But the effective control remains with the human brain. No computer has yet been invented which can cope with the details of human language, And the idea of an artificial intelligence with a sense of humour and a conscience still seems a faraway dream. If, however, people believe in the faith of scientists working in the field of artificial intelligence, they will have to suspect that dreams just can become reality.

cope with— справиться; artificial intelligence — искусственный разум; conscience —совесть; sense of humour —чувство юмора

1. What is computer hacking?

2. Why do the hackers do what they do?

3. Are the companies taking the problem seriously?

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням: Russo-Turkish Wars

1. Вставте пропущені букви у словах першого абзацу.

2. Виберіть та вставте запропоновані у дужках слова (maintain, compelled,

captured, assigned, advanced, overran, demanded) в другому абзаці.

3. В третьому абзаці підкресліть правильну граматичну форму, запропоновану в

дужках.

Main series of wars between Russia and the Ottoman Empire took place in the 17th–19th centuries. The wars ref_ected the dec_ine of the Ottoman Empire and resulted in the grad_al southward exten_ion of Russia’s frontier and influence into Ottoman te_ritory. As a result of these wars, Russia was able to e_tend its European frontiers southward to the Black Sea, southwestward to the Prut River, and south of the Ca_casus Mountains in Asia.

The first major Russo-Turkish War (1768–74) began after Turkey __________ that Russia’s ruler, Catherine II the Great, abstain from interfering in Poland’s internal affairs. The Russians __________ Azov, the Crimea, and Bessarabia, and under Field Marshal P.A. Rumyantsev they __________ Moldavia and also defeated the Turks in Bulgaria. The Turks were __________ to seek peace, which was concluded in the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (July 21, 1774). This treaty made the Crimean khanate independent of the Turkish sultan; __________ the Russian frontier southward to the Southern (Pivdennyy) Buh River; gave Russia the right to __________ a fleet on the Black Sea; and __________ Russia vague rights of protection over the Ottoman sultan’s Christian subjects throughout the Balkans.

The last Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) (had been, was) also the most important (one, ones). In 1877 Russia and its ally Serbia (were came, came) to the aid of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria in their rebellions against Turkish rule. In March of that year Russia (had been concluded, concluded) the Treaty of San Stefano (with, against) Turkey. This treaty (fred, freed) Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro from Turkish rule, gave autonomy to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Робота над граматичним матеріалом. Revision.

36. Назвіть випадки вживання Present Perfect.

37. З якими числівниками в реченні найчастіше вживається Present Perfect. Наведіть приклад.

38. Чи вживається Present Perfect у реченнях з обставинами часу, що означають період часу, який почався в минулому і тривав до моменту мовлення. Назвіть ці обставини.

39. Яким чином утворюється форма Past Perfect. Чи вживається вона для вираження минулої дії, що вже закінчилася до певного моменту в минулому. Яким чином це позначається у реченні?

40. Наведіть 5 пар прикладів речень у формі Future Perfect та Future Simple. Поясніть.

Choose the correct form of the verb:

1. I (did, had done) shopping by 3 o'clock. 2. He (had received, received) the telegram by that time. 3. My brother (tried on, had tried on) the raincoat before he (bought, had bought) it 4. We (bought, had bought) vegetables before our mother (had come, came) home. 5. She said that she (bought, had bought) new high-heeled shoes. 6. We (had discovered, discovered) that we (spent, had spent) all the money.

41. Чи виражають часи групи Perfect Continuous, як і часи групи Continuous дію в її розвитку як процес. Яким чином вони пов’язані з часами групи Perfect?

42. Як утворюються часи групи Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous?

Translate into English

1. Що ти робиш? – Чекаю автобуса. Скільки часу ти чекаєш його? – Я чекаю його вже десять хвилин. 2. Ми вивчаємо англійську мову. Ми вивчаємо її вже чотири роки. 3. З якого часу його батько працює інженером заводу? 4. Дощ іде зранку.5. Ніна загубила ручку, вона вже чверть години шукає її. 6. Вчора листоноша приніс мені лист. Я чекав цього листа три тижні. 7. Коли Ольга закінчила університет, її сестра вже п’ять років викладала біологію в школі.

43. Чому модальні дієслова називають недостатніми? Чим вони відрізняються від інших дієслів?

44. Які форми і еквіваленти має дієслово can, must, may? Створіть таблицю.

45. Скільки форм мають дієслова should, ought чим вони різняться.

46. Складіть 10 речень, вживаючи фахову лексику, з використанням всіх модальних дієслів.

Література:

1. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

2. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.

Практичне заняття № 2

Тема: Сучасна людина і комп’ютер.

Read the texts and discuss them.

PLUG-IN GENERATION

In an age when computer use is getting much attention from parents, educators and legislators, television remains the dominant medium for most kids. Children spend an average of 2 hours 46 minutes watching television each day, with 17 percent of children spending more than five hours in front of the TV.Time spent on the computer lags far behind TV use, with the average for all children at 21 minutes a day outside school, including an average of eight minutes a day on the Internet...

Computers are a major technological breakthrough of the twentieth century. Their benefits are numerous yet much can be said against them. The main disadvantage of computers is that staring at a screen for long periods of time can be damaging to the eyes, and sitting on a chair for hours at a time is certainly not healthy. Secondly, computers distract people from conversation. Also, people can become anti-social and stay at home to use their computer. Finally, the strongest argument against the use of computers is that the more jobs which are done by computers, the less are done by people. .

However, the advantages of computers are numerous, such as educational benefits, especially to children. School subjects become more interesting when presented on a computer screen. Moreover, computers can be fun with a seemingly endless variety of games which can be played on them. In addition, computers are valuable to any business, making life easier and saving time because you can store and get back a lot of information at die touch of button. Furthermore, personal gains can be seen as the use of computers increases powers of concentration.

To sum up, there are strong arguments both for and against the use of computers. Yet, despite the health problems, risk to jobs and lack of personal communication, it seems that as long as the use of computers is regulated, the benefits computers provide to education and business are very important.

Legislator—законодатель; plug in— включить вилку в розетку; medium — средство (массовой информации); media (мн.ч.) — средства массовой ин­формации; survey— обзор, изучение; lag—отставать; breakthrough—дости­жение, прорыв; benefits — зд. преимущества, положительные стороны; distract from — отвлекать от; variety of games — разнообразие игр

1. Why are to-day's children and teenagers called a plug-in generation? 2. What are the average figures for the time spent in front of the TV? What programmes are broadcast? Do you think children prefer cartoons or science fiction films to feature films and documentaries? 3. How does TV compete the computer? 4. What are the benefits of the computer? 5. What are the disadvantages of the computer (for health, socializing, job getting?) 6. What is the conclusion of the text? To what extent do you agree (disagree)with it?

Робота над граматичним матеріалом. Revision.

47. Дайте загальну характеристик не особовим формам дієслова.

Оберіть потрібну форму герундія або інфінітива:

1 The teacher decided (accepting / to accept) the paper.

2 His father doesn’t approve of his (going / to go) to Europe.

3 We found it very difficult (reaching / to reach) a decision.

4 Donna is interested in (to open / opening) a bar.

5 George has no intention of (to leave / leaving) the city now.

6 We are eager (to return / returning) to school in the fall.

7 She refused (to accept / accepting) the gift.

8 Mary pretended (to be / being) sick yesterday.

9 Carlos hopes (to finish / finishing) his thesis this year.

10 They agreed (to leave / leaving) early.

11 Herry shouldn’t risk (to drive / driving) so fast.

12 He demands (to know / knowing) what is going on.

13 She is looking forward (to return / to returning) to her country

48. Поясніть правило узгодження часів. Виконайте модуль самостійної роботи за темою.

Convert into indirect speech.

1. "I want to sit in the armchair," said the boy. 2. The secretary said to me: "The delegation ar­rived in Kyiv yesterday." 3. "Open the window, please," she said to me. 4. He said: "I shall light a fire and make myself breakfast." 5. "Don't run to the door when you hear the bell," said the woman to her little daughter. 6. She asked me: "How long are you going to stay here?" 7. Mary asked me: "Will you spend your vacation in Moscow?" 8. "Lock the door when you leave the house," said my elder sister to me. 9. "Have you received a telegram from your wife?" she asked Robert. 10. Mabel said: "Nothing will change my decision and I shall leave for Cape Town tonight." 11. "Please don't smoke in the room," said the old woman to her nephew. 12. "I am shivering with cold," said the girl.

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням: Adolf Hitler

1. Вставте пропущені букви у словах першого абзацу.

2. Виберіть та вставте запропоновані у дужках слова (allied, blamed, unquestioned,

expansion, coalition, resentments, institute) в другому абзаці.

3. В третьому абзаці підкресліть правильну граматичну форму, запропоновану в

дужках.

Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau-am-Inn on the Austrian-German border. His father was a c_stoms official. Hitler left school at 16 with no qualifications and struggled to make a living as a painter in Vienna. This was where many of his extr_me political and ra_ial ideas originated. In 1913, he moved to Munich and, on the o_tbreak of World War I, _nlisted in the German army, where he was w_unded and decorated. In 1919 he joined the fas_ist German Workers' Party (DAP).

He played to the __________ of right-wingers, promising extremist 'remedies' to Germany's post-war problems which he and many others __________ on Jews and Bolsheviks. By 1921 he was the __________ leader of what was now the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party). In January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of a __________ government. He quickly took dictatorial powers and began to __________ anti-Jewish laws. He also began the process of German militarisation and territorial __________ that would eventually lead to World War II. He __________ with Italy and later Japan to create the Axis.

Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939 (began, was begun) World War II. After military successes in Denmark, Norway and Western Europe, but after failing (subdued, to subdue) Britain in 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Jewish populations of the countries (conquered, conquering) by the Nazis were rounded up and killed. (Million, millions) of others whom the Nazis considered racially inferior were also killed or worked to death. In December 1941, Hitler declared war on America. The war on the eastern front (was drained, drained) Germany's resources and in June 1944, the British and Americans landed in France. With Soviet troops poised to take the German capital, Hitler (had committed, committed) suicide in his bunker in Berlin on 30 April 1945.

ЛІТЕРАТУРА: 1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

Практичне заняття № 3

Тема: Реклама і суспільство.

Advertising has always played in immense role in our society. Without advertising, the average consumer would not be able to be told what to buy. They would have nothing in their home, because no one told them to buy anything. It has become fact that advertising affects our daily lives everyday. "In 1915, a person could go entire weeks without observing an ad. The average adult today sees some three thousand every day" (Twitchell 203). This study is based on the Circuit City advertisement for their newly priced high definition plasma televisions. There are six televisions on the advertisement along with every television playing the new released Star Wars Episode III. Every advertisement should be analyzed with great detail, which is what this study includes. Included is a complete analysis of the prices of the television, the incorporation of the newly released Star Wars film, and the “weasel words” that promote the purchase of the new home entertainment system.

The consumers need to be entertained by television, newspaper, and internet has launched a new type of advertising. Advertisers are beginning to use famous entertainers in their advertisements so that people pay attention to them. Almost every advertisement that is seen today has somebody that the consumer will recognize. Whether it be a movie star, a comedian, athlete, or a reality television star, the advertiser will make sure that a percentage of the viewing audience knows that person. Not only do they attract our attention with the use of somebody famous, they also attract our trust. By seeing this person on television all the time and especially if you like this person, you feel comfortable with the product almost immediately without even knowing what it is or does.

Try to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of the advertisement

The purpose of an ad is to influence you to purchase the product. If you select one brand of product over another brand of product, say a loaf of bread which you need, that's one thing. But, if you go out and purchase a product you don't need because an ad convinced you that you "had to have it", that's excessive consumption, which is wasteful.

Also, ads sometimes position a product as a status symbol - the cool thing to have - and if someone can't afford that product and buys a lesser expensive version (say, sneakers) they might be ridiculed by their peers.

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням: SLAVONIC TRIBES IN THE 4TH-7TH CENTURIES

Slavonic tribes had lived in Central and Eastern Europe, to the east of the Germanic tribes during many centuries. In the 6th century they occupied vast territories stretching from the river Labe (the Slavonic name for the Elbe) to the upper reaches of the Volga and the Don, and from the Baltic Sea to the Danube and the Black Sea.

Land cultivation had been the Slavs' main occupation from time immemorial. They also bred cattle, went hunting and gathered the honey of wild bees.

The Slavs lived in settlements surrounded with wooden stockades, earth banks and moats. In ancient times the Slavs lived in clans united into tribes.

As was the case with Germanic tribes, the Slavs' tribal communities were superceded by neighbours' communities. Then some of, the community members grew rich and the best land fell into the hands of the elders and military chiefs. A Slavonic military chief was called a kniaz.

In wartime the princes and their troops seized most of the booty and grew rich. The frequent campaigns forced the ordinary members of the community to go away from their farms for many weeks at a time. As a result they grew poorer and poorer and eventually became destitute. Inside clans and tribes inequality appeared and grew more and more marked, a rich nobility began to be formed.

By the 7th century the Slavonic tribes had divided up into three branches: the Eastern, Western and Southern Slavs. The Eastern Slavs lived to the east of the rivers Vistula and Dnestr. They were ancestors of three great fraternal peoples: the Russians, the Ukrainians and the Belarusians.

The Western Slavs — the Czech, Polish, Polab and Pomore tribes — settled in the basins of the rivers Labe, Odre (Oder) and Vistula.

Some of the Slavonic tribes settled in the Balkan Peninsula in the 7th century. They founded the Southern Slavonic nations: the Bulgarians, the Serbians and the Croatians.

Ex. 1. Transform as in the models:

Model 1: to suppress the revolt — the suppression of the revolt.

to occupy vast territories, to cultivate land, to found new nations, to divide riches.

Model 2: members of the community — the community members

the division of tribes, the basins of rivers, the reaches of the Volga.

Ex.2. Match English and Russian equivalents.

1. during many centuries а. захватить большую часть добычи

2. main occupation g. разводить скот

3. from time immemorial b. с незапамятных времен

4. frequent campaigns с. становиться обездоленньм

5. to breed cattle d. попасть в руки кого-л.

6. to become destitute е. в течение многих столетий

7. to fall into the hands f. главное занятие of smb.

8. to seize most of the booty h. частые походы

Ex- 3. Choose the right word or word-combination.

1. Slavonic tribes lived to the ... of the Germanic tribes, a) south b) north c) east

2. ... had been the Slavs' main occupation from time immemorial.

a) land cultivation b) fishing c) hunting

3. The frequent campaigns forced the ... to go away from their farms.

a) elders b) military chiefs c) ordinary members of the community.

4. By the 7th century the Slavonic tribes had ... up into three branches.

a) settled b) divided c) lived

Ex. 4. Complete the sentences.

1. Slavonic tribes had lived in Central and Eastern Europe during ... . 2. Land cultivation had been the Slavs' ... . 3. The Slavs lived in settlements surrounded with ... . 4. The best* land fell into the hands of .... 5. In wartime the princes and their troops seized .... 6. The frequent campaigns forced the ordinary members of the community to .... 7. The Eastern Slavs were ancestors of ... .

Ex.5. Insert the right words:

(went, gathered, bred, was called, lived, appeared, seized, settled)

1. The Slavs ... cattle, ... hunting and ... the honey of wild bees. 2. In wartime the princes and their troops ... most of the booty and grew rich. 3. A Slavonic military chief ... a kniaz 4. The Eastern Slavs ... to the east of the river Dnestr. 5. The Western Slavs ... in the basins of the rivers Labe, Odre and Vistula. 6. Inside clans and tribes inequality ... and grew more and more marked.

Ex. 8. Answer the questions on the text.

1. Where had Slavonic tribes lived during many centuries?

2. They occupied vast territories in the 6th century, didn't they?

3. What was their main occupation? 4. Did they live in clans? 5. Who seized most of the booty during wartime? 6. Why did the ordinary members of the community have to go away from their farms? 7. By the 7th century the Slavonic tribes had divided up into three branches, hadn't they?

Робота над граматичним матеріалом. Revision.

1. Що таке пасивний стан дієслова?

2. Як утворюються часові форми пасивного стану в англійській мові?

3. Часові форми якої групи не вживаються у пасивному стані?

Перепишіть речення у пасивному стані:

Model: They grow wheat here. – Wheat is grown here.

1. The girls water the flowers every day.

2. We don’t discuss such questions at our meetings.

3. My sister teaches me English.

4. They will not finish the work tomorrow.

5. Mary has lost her keys.

6. Our music teacher was conducting the orchestra.

7. The travelers made camp not far from the village.

8. His assistant will meet the delegation.

9. The workers are repairing the road.

10. Somebody built this castle in the 16^th century.

Література:

1. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

Практичне заняття № 4

Тема: Роль вивчення іноземних мов у формуванні особистості майбутнього фахівця.

The answer should be easy. English is a universal language (global language in case we are not the only creature who can speak.) The world has changed. We can no longer live alone in our country anymore. If you want to learn the world you need to learn English....

With IT, we can open ourselves to the world and the only way we can connect to the world is to the universal language. If you are a business man you would have to learn English to expand your business to oversea. If you are students you would have to learn English for your own bright future or, at least, pass the exam.

If you are an employee you would have to learn English for the benefit of your career.

Even if you are just a street walker you still want to learn English to understand what's going on in the world....

No matter whom you are. Learn English is very important. You can't avoid it and do not avoid it before you getting too far behind.

Індивідуальне читання за фахом THE SLAVS' STRUGGLE AGAINST THE GERMAN FEUDAL LORDS

The Germanic feudal lords were eager to seize the Slavonic lands and to turn the Slavs into serfs.

Late in the 10th century horse troops of a Germanic king crossed the Labe. The Germanic feudal lords waged that war with extraordinary ferocity.

The Polab and Pomore Slavs fought bravely against the invaders. But their tribes were isolated. They fought separately, and were therefore unable to withstand the onslaught of the Germanic feudal lords.

The subjugated tribes had to pay heavy tribute. The Slavs were forced to embrace the Christian faith. The Germanic lords built their estates, fortresses and monasteries on Slavonic lands. The Slavs were driven away from their lands into forests and marshlands and their former holdings were occupied by Germanic settlers.

Late in the 10th century the Slavs rose up in rebellion. They burned down fortresses and monasteries and killed the feudal lords and bishops. The Germanic king's troops were driven into a marsh and almost completely destroyed. The Polab Slavs succeeded in keeping their freedom for nearly two centuries. But in the 12th century the Germanic feudal lords launched another offensive and seized Slavonic lands between the Labe and Odre.

1. Who wanted to seize the Slavonic lands?

2. When did the Germanic troops cross the Labe?

3. Why couldn't the Slavs withstand the onslaught of the enemies?

4. When did the Slavs rise up in rebellion?

5. The Germanic king's troops were destroyed, weren't they?

6. When did they launch another offensive?

Модуль самостійної роботи:

1. Повторення граматичного матеріалу.

2. Словник-мінімум для користувача комп’ютера.

3. Анотування газетної статті за фахом.

Індивідуальна робота за семестр:

1. Індивідуальне читання за фахом.

2. Словник-мінімум (за професійним спрямуванням).

: KIEV RUS

The state of the Eastern Slavs, the Kiev Rus, was formed in the 9th century with its capital in the city of Kiev. The basis of this state was formed by a tribe of Polyanye, called Rus. The majority of Eastern Slav tribes united around this tribe in the 9th-11th centuries.

The Kiev princes had a big army and many ships. They undertook campaigns to the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas. Russian merchants traded with the European and eastern countries.

The Grand Duke of Kiev was the supreme ruler. The druzhina, his garrison, was divided into elders (the Boyars¹ and the Duke's men ) and the juniors (the gridi and otroki³). The grand Duke's garrison took part in discussing state affairs.

Rudimentary relations of a slave system existed in Kiev Rus, but they never developed further. The growth of the productive forces provided the basis for the development of feudal relations in Kiev Rus.

The crafts were developing and were gradually breaking away from agriculture. In time the towns became the centres of crafts. In this respect Kiev Rus superceded Western Europe, where this process took shape during the period of developed feudal relations. The Chronicles note the existence of 89 towns in the 11th-century Rus.

Over 60 different trades were known in the 12th century Russian towns and over 150 different articles of iron and steel were manufactured. However, the insufficient social division of labour and the natural type of economy held back the development of home trade.

Foreign trade was more highly developed. One could find Russian merchants in Araby, Byzantium⁴, Poland, Germany, etc.

In the 11th and early 12th centuries Kiev Rus was a powerful, economically developing state.

Notes:

the Boyars - бояре

the Duke's men - княжеские мужи

the gridi and otroki - гриди и отроки

Byzantium - г. Византия

RUSSIA UNDER PETER THE GREAT

After Russia defeated Sweden she became one of Europe's strongest powers. Great changes took place in her economy, the level of cultural development and system of government.

Peter the Great enjoyed boundless power. He ruled the country with the help of a large body of officials which was selected from among the nobles.

It was impossible to govern the country and command the army and navy without educated people. At the orders of Peter the Great schools were started to teach the children of the nobility mathematics, the handling of ships and artillery, medicine and foreign languages. Some people were sent to continue their education in Britain, Holland or France. The tsar liked to promote capable and gifted people from other classes as well.

Commerce and trade with other countries developed. Russia began to have a greater influence on international affairs. Her strength grew and she came to be known as the Russian Empire.

All the new changes in the country were ordered by Peter the Great and he himself took a hand in carrying them out. In many respects he was very unlike other tsars who had ruled Russia before him. He was an outstanding statesman and a brilliant military leader who took part in many battles on land and sea. He was well educated for those times, having a good knowledge of mathematics, artillery and ships. He was also a good turner, carpenter, locksmith and blacksmith. Still, he was an aristocratic ruler. He was often rough and cruel.

Thousands of serfs were forced to work at factories, dig canals and build cities. They were also forced to serve in the army. The peasant serfs, poor townspeople and opressed peoples rebelled time and again.

Індивідуальна робота за семестр:

1. Індивідуальне читання за фахом.

2. Словник-мінімум (за професійним спрямуванням).

appearance появление apprentice отдавать в учение apprenticeship обучение (ремеслу),

baronage бароны, сословие баронов

branch отрасль

cease прекращать (ся)

charter хартия, грамота

claim требовать

competitor конкурент, соперник

conquer завоевывать

contain содержать

craftsman ремесленник

damage повреждать

deal наносить (удар)

decay упадок, распад

decline падение, упадок

defeat наносить поражение

demand требовать

departure отъезд, уход

domination господство

draft проект

duke герцог

emergence появление

employ нанимать

enterprise предприятие

failure неудача, провал

forbid запрещать

frequent частый

huge огромный

illegal нелегальный

inhabitant житель

intensify усиливать(ся)

introduction введение

invasion вторжение

invincible непобедимый

land высаживать(ся) (на берег)

majority большинство

minority меньшинство

mixture смесь

numerous многочисленный occupation занятие

patronize опекать, покровительствовать

pay плата, выплата

perform выполнять

predominant преобладающий

pretext предлог, отговорка

produce производить

profitable прибыльный, доходный prosperity процветание, благосостояние

punish наказывать

put (down) подавлять (силой)

raid набег

range протяжение, пространство

rebel повстанец, мятежник

receive получать

refer упоминать

refuse отказывать, отвергать

regard рассматривать, считать

reign царствовать, господствовать

remind напоминать

resist сопротивляться

revive восстанавливать, возобновлять

rival соперник, конкурент

select выбирать, отбирать

abolition отмена, уничтожение

absorb поглощать

acquire приобретать

acute острый

appear появляться

appoint назначать

approach подход

appropriate присваивать

artisan ремесленник

belong принадлежать

carry (on) v совершать, вести

consider рассматривать considerable значительный, большой

craft ремесло

decisive решающий

deprive лишать distinctive отличительный, характерный

divine божественный

division разделение

embodiment воплощение

emerge появляться, возникать

emperor император

empire империя

establish устанавливать

estate имение

evolve развивать

exist существовать

existence существование

favourable благоприятный

feature черта, особенность

feudal феодальный

feudal lord помещик

gradually постепенно

head (towards) направляться, держать курс (на)

hire нанимать

transition переход

tribute дань

undergo испытывать, подвергаться

unification объединение

various различный, разный

wage вести, бороться за что-л.

warfare война

weaken ослаблять

widespread широко распространенный

Ancient History древняя история

Contemporary History новейшая история

Modern History новая история

World History всеобщая история

Historic исторический (важный)

Historical исторический

hostile вражеский

humanity человечество

humanities гуманитарные науки

impede тормозить, препятствовать

implement орудие труда

income доход