- •Имя существительное (the noun)
- •Функции существительного в предложении
- •Категория рода
- •Категория числа
- •Образование множественного числа имен существительных
- •Особые случаи образования множественного числа имен существительных
- •Имена существительные, употребляющиеся только в единственном числе
- •Имена существительные, употребляющиеся только во множественном числе
- •Категория падежа
- •Притяжательный падеж (the Possessive Case)
- •Образование притяжательного падежа
- •Артикль (the article)
- •Неопределенный артикль
- •Определенный артикль
- •7. Перед существительными breakfast, dinner, lunch, supper
- •Местоимение (the pronoun) Местоимения
- •Личные местоимения
- •Притяжательные местоимения
- •Возвратные и усилительные местоимения
- •Взаимные местоимения
- •Указательные местоимения
- •Неопределенные местоимения
- •Местоимения some, any, no и их производные
- •Вопросительные, союзные и относительные местоимения
- •Обобщающие местоимения
- •Глагол (the verb)
- •Наклонение (the mood)
- •Действительный залог (the active voice) Настоящие времена
- •Настоящее простое (неопределенное) время
- •Произношение окончания -s(-es):
- •Употребление the Present Simple (Indefinite) Tense
- •Настоящее длительное время
- •Образование причастия настоящего времени.
- •Употребление The Present Continuous (Progressive)Tense.
- •Настоящее простое или настоящее длительное время
- •Глаголы состояния
- •Настоящее совершенное время
- •Настоящее совершенно-длительное время
- •Настоящее совершенное или настоящее совершенно-длительное время
- •Сравнение настоящих времен
- •Прошедшие времена
- •Прошедшее простое (неопределенное) время
- •Прошедшее длительное время
- •Прошедшее простое или Прошедшее длительное время
- •Прошедшее совершенное время
- •Прошедшее совершенно-длительное время
- •Прошедшее завершенное и Прошедшее совершенно-длительное время
- •Сравнение прошедших времен
- •Будущие времена
- •Будущее простое (неопределенное) время
- •Конструкции to be going to для описания будущих действий
- •Будущее длительное время
- •Будущее совершенное время
- •Будущее совершенно-длительное время
- •Будущее совершенное или Будущее совершенно-длительное время
- •Настоящее простое и настоящее длительное время в значении будущего времени
- •Придаточные предложения времени и условия
- •Сравнение будущих времен
- •Действительные и страдательные обороты
- •Страдательные обороты с формальным подлежащим it
Прошедшее совершенно-длительное время
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Образование. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в форме Past Perfect (had been) и формы причастия настоящего времени (Present Participle) смыслового глагола: I had been working, he had been working.
В вопросительной форме первый вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Had I been working? Had he been working?
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола: I had not been working, he had not been working.
Употребление the Past Perfect Continuous Tense.
a) Действие, которое длилось в течение периода времени вплоть до определенного момента в прошлом. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense употребляется, когда указан период времени, в течение которого действие уже совершалось, т.е. с такими обозначениями времени, как for two hours в течение двух часов, for three months в течение трех месяцев, for a long time в течение долгого времени, долго, давно и т.п.
She had been cooking for an hour when I came. |
Она готовила уже час, когда я пришел. |
b) Прошлое действие определенной длительности, которое имело очевидные результаты в прошлом.
He felt tired as he had been playing football for several hours. |
Он чувствовал себя усталым, так как играл в футбол в течение нескольких часов. |
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. |
Match the parts of the sentences. |
1. |
I had been trying to call him all morning |
a). |
when he called me. |
2. |
We had been working on the project for months |
b). |
for a few minutes but I think it might have been longer. |
3. |
She had red eyes because she had been peeling onions. |
c). |
I hadn’t been paying any attention to him. |
4. |
I hadn’t been working for very long before |
d). |
she had been working too hard. |
5. |
The snow was very deep |
e). |
someone offered me a lift. |
6. |
When asked ma that question, I realized |
f). |
It had been snowing all night. |
7. |
They hadn’t been living there very long |
g) |
She hadn’t been crying. |
8. |
She was ill because |
h). |
when it was cancelled. |
9. |
They said they had only been waiting |
i). |
when they decided to move again. |
Exercise 2. |
Complete the conversation. Put in the Past Perfect Continuous of the verbs. |
Mary: Vicky:.
Mary: Vicky:
Mary: Vicky:
|
How was your job interview? Awful. I felt terribly nervous 1.____ (I / worry) about it all week. And I was tired because 2.____ (I / work) on my project the night before. 3.____ (I / not look) forward to the interview at all. So what happened? The woman interviewing me was half an hour late because 4.____ (she / deal) with an unexpected problem, she said. 5.____ (I / wait) ages, and I’d got even more nervous. How did the interview go? Well, I tried to sound confident. 6.____ (I / read) a book that said that’s what you have to do in job interviews. But I don't know if I gave the right answers. |
Exercise 3. |
Make the following sentences negative. |
Model: |
It wasn’t a good time to invest. |
Inflation had been falling for several months. |
|
Inflation hadn’t been falling for several months. |
1. |
Before I changed jobs, I had been working on a plan to reduce production costs. |
|
2. |
We had been thinking about buying a new house and we decided to stay here. |
|
3. |
It had been snowing for a while before we left. |
|
4. |
We had been playing tennis for only a few minutes when it started raining. |
|
5. |
He was out of breath when he arrived because he had been running. |
|
6. |
She said she had been trying to call me all day. |
|
7. |
They said they had been shopping. |
|
8. |
I told you I had been looking for some new clothes. |
|
Exercise 4. |
Write questions to the following answers using the Past Perfect Continuous. |
Model: |
(how long) ____? How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? |
– I had not been studying Turkish very long. |
1. |
(what) ____? |
– Joe had been sitting in the corner all the evening. |
2. |
(how long) ____? |
– The boys had been standing in a line for ten minutes. |
3. |
(who) ____? |
– The girls had been planning a party before you returned |
4. |
(what) ____? |
– Jack had been sleeping for ten hours before she rang up. |
5. |
(what) ____? |
– Mary had been fishing for salmon since 2 o’clock. |
6. |
(who) ____? |
– Max had been bothering Mary since he finished his report. |
7. |
(how long) ____? |
– Max had been riding the bike all the morning. |
8. |
____? |
– No, they have been going to the cinema when I saw them. |
Exercise 5. |
Correct the mistakes where necessary. |
1. |
I have been writing my exercises for two hours when my friend came. |
|
2. |
By three o'clock the new device had been worked for two hours. |
|
3. |
I had a headache because I had been working on the computer all day. |
|
4. |
She said she hadn’t smoking but the room smelled of cigarettes. |
|
5. |
She’s put the weight back but I think she’d lost it because she had been ran. |
|
6. |
We hadn’t been paying any attention so didn’t know what to do. |
|
7. |
The phone bill was huge. She had being calling her boyfriend in Australia. |
|
8. |
The kids were very hungry when they came in. They were running around in the garden all afternoon. |
|
9. |
They shouted for a few hours before their parents arrived. |
|
10. |
How long had been you waiting to get on the bus? |
|
Exercise 6. |
Work in pairs. Play a game. Find out who remembers more activities that he had been doing before 10 o’clock in the evening. Count the activities. |
Model: |
Before 10 o’clock in the evening I had been translating the article. I did not finish it. I was still translating at that moment. |