6.Rising tones, their meanings and usage.

The Mid Wide Rise – 2 zones: Mid, High. Interrogative meaning (?). Is used in General, Alternative (1st part), Disjunctive (2d part) questions. [ May I come in? Are you a boy or a girl?]

The Low Wide Rise- 2 zones: Mid, Low. Incompleteness, speaker’s interest. Is used in unfinished parts of sentences and in independent remarks.[When Kate comes home, her dog is always waiting for her.]

The High Narrow Rise- 1 zone: High. Surprise + , incredulity ?. Is used in interrogative repetitions. [Excuse me, pardon].

The Low Narrow Rise- 1 zone: Low. Lack of interest. Is used in casual remarks. [ Yes. Wonderful]

7.Falling tones, their meanings and usage.

The High Wide Fall- 2 zones: High, Mid. Completeness, finality, protest, personal concern, involvement. [Yes, certainly. What d u think of his behavious? It’s irresponsible.]

The Mid Wide Fall- 2 zones: Mid, Low. Neutral, variety. Is used in unemotional speech. [I’m looking for the Technical College.]

The High Narrow Fall- 2 zones: High, Mid. Light&airy. Is used in direct address, short comments

expressing agreement. [Come on, Terry! We’re waiting.]

The Low Narrow Fall- 2 zones: Mid, Low. Phlegmatic, dogmatic, calm. Is used in remarks, short answers. [When does the pub open? At seven.]

8.Falling-Rising tones, their meanings.

The Falling- Rising tone is a bi-directional tone which means a change in the direction of the pitch-movement associated with one stressed syllable.

The Fall is phonetically more prominent that the second. Fall-Rise has an implicatory meaning, express emphasis, contrast, contradiction, correction,hesitation, doubt, uncertainty warning, apology.

9.Rising-Falling tones

The Rising-Falling tone is a bi-directional tone which comprises 2 elements- a rise and a fall- which can be combined within the syllable. The Fall is phonetically more prominent that the second.

10.Classification of head Types. General Principles.

Head- is a part of intonation group which starts from the 1st fully stressed syllable and goes up to the nucleus.

The onset-it means the 1st fully stressed syllable on the head.

The function of the head:

1. Adds emotional colouring 2) Expresses modal-attitudional meaning to the listener and to the subject of the conversation.

Head patterns are classified into 3 major types: 1) Descending- The 1st fully stressed syllable is said on the high pitch. Each following fully stressed syllable begins lower than

the preceding stressed syllable. [I haven’t seen him lately]

2. Ascending- The 1st fully stressed syllable is said on the low pitch; each following fully stressed syllable begins higher than the preceding one. [I haven’t seen him lately].

3. Level head may be of a high, mid and low varieties. [About 6 o’clock]

11.The Stepping Head.

The Stepping Head is called the most typical or normal kind of Head in English.

Meaning: Serious, didactic, weighty. Uses in any nuclear tone.

[You should go to College today.] Each fully stressed syllable beginning with the 2d is lower in pitch that the preceding one.

12.The High Head.

In the High Head all the syllables are said on the same rather high pitch.

Light, airy. In Falling tone, especially in conversation.

[He likes to go to the cinema.]

13.The Broken Descending Stepping Head.

The tune of this head is called a broken tune. The break occurs of any fully stressed syllable beginning with the third.

Expresses special prominence of some part of an utterance.

Uses in Falling tone. [ I send you a postcard from every city.]

14.The Ascending Stepping Head.

Each of the stressed syllables of the Ascending Head takes a static tone pitched higher than the preceding one, so that the onset syllable occupies the lowest pitch in the Head.

Impatience, surprise, protest, a note of enthusiastic approval, support.

This type of Head is combined with the High Rise and High Fall tones. [I have already answered this dialogue to you]

15.The Low Head

In the Low Head all the syllables- stressed and unstressed are pronounced in the Low pitch zone of the speaker’s voice-range. Cool, detached, phlegmatic, casual, disapproving. This tone is combined with Low Rise and Low Fall Rise. [Two or three times a week.]

16.The Sliding Head

This tone is formed by a sequence of slides, associated with each fully stressed syllable of the Head. The stressed syllables may start on the same pitch or form a gradual ascent or descent (more frequent). Meaning: jumping, emotional, lively. Combined with Falling-Rising tone. [ I can’t believe my ears]

17.The Scandent Head

The head of an utterance is formed by a sequence of climbs, upword pitch changes associated with each of the stressed syllables which are indicated with an upward arrow.

1)Lively, experience, surprise, incredulity [Are you really forty? (G.Q.) {High Rise, Low Rise}

2) Imperative, reassuring, encouraging [Don’t put your finger in your mouth.]

3) Irritation, cheerfulness. [I don’t like caviar] {Falling tones}