20.Syntactical sd of large spans of utterances.

Any one of the syntactical SDs is capable of generating an unlimited number of sent-s within the given pattern.

Text-ling-cs aims at investigating the objective criteria concerning ways & means of constructing texts of different kinds & genres.

Supra-phrasal unit (SPU) is a larger unit than a sent; can be extracted from the context without losing its relative semantic independence. This cannot be said of the sent. Any utt. from a stylistic point of view will serve to denote a certain span of speech. (l-ge-in-action) in which we may observe coherence, interdep-nce of the elements, one definite idea, &, author’s pur­port - aim. is a carefully thought-out impact. Synt-cal units are connected to achieve the desired effect & it is often by the manner they are connected that the desired effect is secured. Epigrams are SPU from the point of view of stylistics. SPU may coincide with the paragraph (in poetry – stanza).

A para-ph is a graphical term used to name a group of sent-s marked off by indentation at the beginning & a break in the line at the end; means a distinct portion of a written discourse showing an internal unity. Marked by: intonation, pauses, semantic ties, etc. Para-ph structure is not always built on logical principles alone, as is generally the case in the st. of scientific prose. In the building of para-phs in newspaper style., psychological principles are taken into consideration. In the b-lets & publicistic styles is strongly affected by the purport of the author. The length of a para-ph normally varies from eight to twelve sent.s. The longer the para-ph is, the more difficult it is to fol­low the purport of the writer. In newspaper style, however, most para-phs consist of one/perhaps 2/3 sent.s. Principles: 1 general –particular / vice versa; 2 inductive/deductive; 3 cause - effect,/effect- cause; 4 on contrast /comparison. Para-ph aims either at facilitat­ing the process of apprehending or inducing a certain reaction on the part of the reader. This reaction is generally achieved by intentionally grouping the ideas to show their interdependence/interrelation. Function is aesth-co-cognitive & pragmatic. The para-ph in some styles, such as scientific, publ-c & some others, generally has a topic sent., Each SPU of sever­al combined into one para-ph may have its own topic sent./be a topic sent.

21.Colloquial syntactic constructions.

Ellipsis, break in the narrative, represented speech.

Ellipsis - is the omition of a word necessary for the complete syntactical construction of a sentence, but not necessary for understanding. The stylistic function of ellipsis used in author's narration is to change its tempo, to connect its structure.

e. g. You feel all right? Anything wrong or what?

An elliptical sentence refers to sentences with information missing. This form does not require an ellipsis. These sentences are grammatically correct only if the necessary information to understand the sentence has been supplied previously or is clear from the context of the sentence. 

-What does intransitive mean?-Within direct object.

Aposiopesis (Break - in - the narrative). Sudden break in the narration has the function to reveal agitated state of the speaker.

e. g. On the hall table there were a couple of letters addressed to her. One was the bill. The other...

There are 3 ways of reproducing character's speech.

1) direct speech;

2) indirect speech (reported speech)

3) represented speech.

Represented speech –a form of utterance which conveys the actual words of the speaker, but through the mouse of a writer.

-uttered(words were really pron. by the speaker)

-unuttered

Question in the narrative. Changes the real nature of a question and turns it into a stylistic device. A question in the narrative is asked and answered by one and the same person, usually the author. It becomes akin to a parenthetical statement with strong emotional implications. e. g. For what is left the poet here? For Greeks a blush - for Greece a tear.

As is seen from these examples the questions asked, unlike rhetorical questions do not contain statements.

Question in the narrative is very often used in oratory. This is explained by one of the leading features of oratorical style - to induce the desired reaction to the content of the speech.