Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Political systems.docx
Скачиваний:
2
Добавлен:
23.09.2019
Размер:
23.87 Кб
Скачать

Political systems. Governments can be classified in many ways. The most time-honored system comes from the ideas of the ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle. All governments belong to one of the three major groups: autocracy- rule by one person; oligarchy- rule by a few persons; or democracy - rule by many persons.

Any system of governments in which the power and authority to rule are in the hands of a single individual is an autocracy. This is the oldest and one of the most common forms of government. Historically, most autocrats have maintained their positions of authority by inheritance or the ruthless use of military or police power. Several forms of autocracy exist. One is absolute or totalitarian dictatorship. The governments seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life. In such dictatorships, government is not responsible to the people.

Absolute monarchs have complete and unlimited power to rule their people, but absolute monarchies are rare today. With various functioning mechanisms of government – cabinet, parliament having been established in many monarchies, the power of the monarch has been dramatically limited.

An oligarchy or aristocracy is a system of government in which a small group holds power. The group derives its power from wealth, military power or religion sometimes.

Both dictatorships and oligarchies of the claim their rule for the people. Such governments may try to give the appearance of control by people. As in a dictatorship, oligarchies usually suppress all political opposition.

A democracy is any system of government in which rule exercised by people. Democracy may take one of two basic forms: direct or representative.

The ancient distinction between monarchies, oligarchies and democraties is no longer descriptive of political life. The notions and ideas concerned have been altered and the same types of governmental machinery often function very differently.

Cross-cultural communication can be simply looked at as the study of how persons from varied cultural backgrounds communicate amongst themselves and also across the different cultures. This is of great value as it allows us not only to appreciate the diversity in culture but also provides us with the opportunity to learn from the various cultures.

In cross cultural communication, the major problem faced is language barrier.

Language relays with it subliminal meanings transmitted through vocabulary, stress and tone and the inappropriate use of words hidden behind phrases send messages can distort the message as it can be interpreted differently. When it comes to language barrier, the way of speaking creates the utmost reason for miscommunication.

every culture has its own set of laws on proper behavior that adversely affects verbal and nonverbal communication. Such behavioral constraints include making eye contact where in some cultures it can be interpreted as a lack of respect especially when addressing the elderly. All these differences in behavioral restrictions make cross cultural communication ineffective and difficult.

British political parties. The main parties in the UK are the Conservative party (right wing), the Labour party (left wing) and the Liberal Democrats (centre).

The Conservative party goes back to the Tories, or Royalists, who originated in King Charles' reign (1660-1685).

The other main parties at the time, the Whigs, were afraid of an absolute monarchy and of the Catholic faith with which they connected it, though they felt tolerant to other religions. The Whig party aimed to subordinate the power of the Crown to that oil Parliament and the upper classes. These two parties became the basis of Britain's two-party parliamentary system of government.

The Tory party gave way to its successor, the Conservative party, in around 1830. The Conservative party believes in free enterprise and the importance of a capitalist economy, with private ownership preferred to state control.

The conference of Trade Union Congress met in February 1900 in London and has always been looked on as the foundation of the Labour Party. The Labour party believes that private ownership and enterprise should be allowed to flourish, but not at the expense of their traditional support of the public services.

There has been a Liberal party in Great Britain since 1868 when the name was adopted by the Whig party. In 1981 a second centre party was called the Social Democratic party. They set up a single party, which became the Liberal Democrats after the 1987 election. The Liberal Democrats believe that the state should have some control over the economy, but that there should be individual ownership.

There are other political parties within the UK. The Green party offers economic and industrial policies that relate directly to the environment. The Scottish Nationalist Parry wants independence for Scotland within the European Community.

Changing English language. Scientists believe that the formation of the English language began in the 5th century AD. It was during this period on the island, which is modern Britain, moved to the tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes

Four of our days of the week - Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday were named in honour of Anglo-Saxon gods.

Christian missionaries bringing with them Latin and new words like ‘martyr’, ‘bishop’

Along came the Vikings, with their action-man words like ‘drag’, ‘ransack’, ‘thrust’ and ‘die’, and a love of pickled herring.

In 1066 William the Conqueror conquered Britain, bringing with them a baggage of French words, which entrenched in the language.

French was strictly for all official business, with words like ‘judge’, ‘jury’, ‘evidence’ and ‘justice’ .

William Shakespeare was a talented playwright, he has enriched the English vocabulary he invented a huge number of words. For example ‘flesh and blood’ ‘out of house and home’ , ‘good riddance’

In 1611, there was a landmark event in the history of British culture: the Bible was translated from Latin into English. It was not just translated - it is adapted to the realities of the Church of England and a life. Many of the known British cruise expression appeared in the pages of the Bibl (‘a leopard can’t change its spots’, ‘a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush’, ‘a wolf in sheep’s clothing’)

In the 17th century, when British scientists have made a single scientific discovery after another, the English language is filled with new terms

Conquering new territories, the British Empire brought home new words from the most remote corners of the globe (from Australia, English took the words ‘nugget’, ‘boomerang’ and ‘walkabout’)

Expansion of the Internet greatly influenced the way people began to communicate with each other.

English is so widespread in the world now, that the question is: can we call it in English?

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]