1. Speak on interaction of primary dictionary and contextually imposed meaning in stylistics. Find metaphors, metonymies, epithets in the given text.

As we have already mentioned in context words acquire additional lexical meaning, - contextual one. Sometimes the new meanings are the opposite of the primary meaning – we have here transferred meaning. The contextual meaning always depends on the dictionary meaning. Sometimes the meaning of a word is unexpected and in that case we speak about a SD. We have defined a SD as a pattern according to which the potentialities of a language may be materialized in the utterance:

1. interplay of different types of lexical meaning;

2. intensification of characteristic traits of the phenomenon described;

3. contamination (an intentional mixing of words of different stylistic aspects).

I. R. Galperin ranks his classification as the interaction of:

1) dictionary and contextual logical meaning (metaphor, metonymy, irony);

2) logical and emotive meaning (epithet, oxymoron);

3) primary and derivative logical meaning (polysemy, zeugma, pun);

4) logical and nominal meaning (antonomasia).

Dictionary & Contextual meanings as basic forms for lexical EM

1. Metaphor

Metaphor is the SD which is based on the identification of two objects. This term means transference [‘tr nsf r ns] (перенос) of a quality from one object to another. During this process a word acquires a derivative meaning. Two corresponding objects always have something in common. Of course, we can’t call it true similarity, but there is a kind of identification. Two lexical meanings realize here simultaneously [ sim l’teinj sli].

Metaphor is one of the most potent means to create images. Two concepts here are brought together in the interplay of their meanings, brining up the image.

E. g.

1. Greatly shining

The Autumn moon floats in the thin sky:

And the fish-ponds shake their backs and

Flash their dragon scales

As she passes over them (“Wind and Silver”).

(У прудов чешуйчатые спины, чешуя сверкает как у огненных драконов). The 2^nd sentence here is the Metaphor. The subject of this image (of dragon) isn’t called, but we see it through the context. (Из 1го предложения мы видим, что светит осенняя луна, в названии стихотворения есть слово «ветер» “wind”, следовательно, ясно, что «драконья чешуя» на воде – это рябь, поднятая осенним ветром и сверкающая в лунном свете).

2. The Fog comes

On little cat feet

The Fog here is associated with the little cat that is why it is the Metaphor.

Sometimes the central the central image is not given, but the string (ряд) of words are so associated with each other that it helps the reader to create the image in his mind.

In conclusion it should be marked that the constant use of a Metaphor leads to the breaking up of the primary meaning.

2. Metonymy [mi’tonimi]

Metonymy is a SD which is based on some kind of association connecting the two concepts of one meaning. It is a type of relation between the dictionary and contextual meanings. This kind of meaning is fixed in dictionary with the remark “fig” (“figurative use” [‘figjur tiv jus]).

Metonymy is a type of generalization. It is a means of building up imagery, it concerns concrete objects.

E.g. 1. Then they came in… A man with long moustaches [m s’ta: iz] and a silent man. The moustache and I have nothing in common.

The moustache here stands for the man himself. It was the 1^st thing the author pointed out.

2. Some remarkble pictures in this room. A Holbein, two Van Dycks and Velasques.

The painters' names stand for their pictures in this example.

We are to mention the difference between the Metaphor and Metonymy. In case of Metaphor one image excludes the other ( e.g. using the metaphor «lamp» in the meaning of «moon»). As for Metonymy presenting one object to our mind, we do not exclude the other object. Thus Holbein, Van Dycks and Velasques and their pictures are both perceived by the mind.

Logical and emotive meanings as material for lexical EMs

Epithet

Epithet is the means to display the writer’s or speaker’s emotional attitude to his communication. It is not so direct as the interjections.

This SD is based on interplay of emotive and logical meaning. An attributive word, phrase or sentence can be used here. The aim of Epithet is to give an individual perception and evaluation of some features and properties.

Epithet makes a strong impact on the reader, so that he begins to see things as the author wants him to. Thus, word-combinations as loud ocean, wild wind, golden heart.

Epithets can be classified semantically and structurally.

Semantically they are distinguished between original and trite Epithets. In trite epithets the subjective emotive element is partially lost through frequent repetition: cold-blooded murder; heartburning smile; a killing news; frying pan of life.

Structurally Epithets may be simple and complex phrases: a lipstick smile; a homecoming party; the-sunshine-in-the-breakfast-room smell; a-never-tell-me-about-it smile.

Another structural variety of Epithets is so-called reversed (transferred) Epithets, expressed by a noun or a phrase joined with the noun modified by the preposition of: a shadow of a garage; a dog of a fellow; a bull of a man. This type of Epithets are usually metaphorical in essence.

Epithets may be used in pairs or strings which is determined by aims of emphasis, rhythm, euphony: She was handsome and horrible (alliterative pair of Epithets); For thirteen years it was to be entertaining, educational, exhausting, surprising partnership) (a string of Epithets).

So, to conclude we are to underline that Epithet is a direct way of showing the writer’s attitude towards the things described in comparison with the other SDs.

3. Dwell on compositional patterns of syntactical arrangement of the utterance (inversion, parallel constructions, repetition). Illustrate your answer with the examples from the text.