- •State medical university of ukraine
- •Emergency medicine
- •Poltava, 2008
- •Igor p. Kajdashev m.D., Ph. D, Professor
- •Ionizing versus nonionizing radiation
- •Ionizing radiation: electromagnetic radiation
- •Ionizing radiation: particulate radiation
- •Irradiation, contamination, and incorporation
- •Vapor exposure
- •Imaging Studies:
- •Imaging Studies
- •Imaging Studies
- •Imaging Studies
- •Imaging Studies:
- •Ventricular fibrillation
- •Imaging Studies:
- •Symptoms
- •Physical examination
- •Chest X-rays, sputum cultures, and other tests
- •Community-acquired pneumonia
- •Hospital-acquired pneumonia
- •Treatment
- •Complications
- •Respiratory and circulatory failure
- •Pleural effusion, empyema, and abscess
- •Aetiology
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Diagnosis
- •Differential Diagnosis
- •First Aid Chest wound
- •Blast injury or tension
- •Clinical treatment
- •Imaging Studies:
- •Subtypes
- •Pathology
- •Classification
- •Renal failure classification
- •Imaging Studies:
- •Chronic renal failure
- •Acute or chronic renal failure
- •Acute complications
- •Hyperparathyroidism
- •Etiology
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Hypocalciemia Pathophysiology
- •Symptoms
- •Clinical signs
- •Addisonian crisis
- •Addisonian crisis
- •Symptoms
- •It can be asymptomatic, but the following symptoms can be present
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Diagnosis
- •Pheochromocytoma
- •Diagnosis
- •Symptoms
- •Causes Pituitary adenoma
- •Other tumors
- •Diagnosis
- •Hormonal
- •Radiological
- •Surgery
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Diagnosis
- •Treatment
- •Pathophysiology
- •Treatment Prehospital Care
- •Hemocoagulation desorders Hemophilia
- •Treatment
- •Causes There are a variety of causes of dic, all usually causing the release of chemicals into the blood that instigates the coagulation.
- •Treatment
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Diagnosis
- •Itp (verlgof disease0
- •Imaging Studies:
Symptoms
The symptoms of Addison's disease develop insidiously, and it may take some time to be recognised. The most common symptoms are fatigue, muscle weakness, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, sweating, changes in mood and personality and joint and muscle pains. Some have marked cravings for salty foods due to the urinary losses of sodium.[1]
Clinical signs
On examination, the following may be noticed:[1]
Low blood pressure that falls further when standing (orthostatic hypotension)
Darkening (hyperpigmentation) of the skin, including areas not exposed to the sun; characteristic sites are skin creases (e.g. of the hands) and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa).
Signs of conditions that often occur together with Addison's: goitre and vitiligo
Addisonian crisis
An "Addisonian crisis" is a constellation of symptoms that indicate severe adrenal insufficiency. This may be the result of either previously undiagnosed Addison's disease, a disease process suddenly affecting adrenal function (such as adrenal haemorrhage, or in a patient with known Addison's disease who has suffered an intercurrent problem (e.g. infection, trauma). Additionally, this situation may develop in those on long-term oral glucocorticoids who have suddenly ceased taking their medication.
Untreated, an Addisonian crisis can be fatal. It is a medical emergency, usually requiring hospitalization. Characteristic symptoms are:[citation needed]
Sudden penetrating pain in the legs, lower back or abdomen
Severe vomiting and diarrhea, resulting in dehydration
Low blood pressure
Loss of consciousness/Syncope
Hypoglycemia
Confusion, psychosis
Convulsions
Diagnosis
Features suggesting diagnosis
Routine investigations may show:[1]
Hypoglycemia, low blood sugar (worse in children)
Hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels)
Hyperkalemia (raised blood potassium levels), due to loss of production of the hormone aldosterone
Eosinophilia and lymphocytosis (increased number of eosinophils or lymphocytes, two types of white blood cells)
Treatment
Maintenance treatment
Treatment for Addison's disease involves replacing the missing cortisol (usually in the form of hydrocortisone tablets) in a dosing regimen that mimics the physiological concentrations of cortisol. Treatment must usually be continued for life. In addition, many patients require fludrocortisone as replacement for the missing aldosterone. Caution must be exercised when the person with Addison's disease becomes unwell, has surgery or becomes pregnant. Medication may need to be increased during times of stress, infection, or injury.
Addisonian crisis
Treatment for an acute attack, an Addisonian crisis, usually involves intravenous (into blood veins) injections of:
Cortisone (cortisol)
Saline solution (basically a salt water, same clear IV bag as used to treat dehydration)
Glucose
Hyperaldosteronism,
also aldosteronism, is a medical condition where too much aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands, which can lead to lowered levels of potassium in blood.