- •Lexicology as a branch of linguistics; its tasks and objectives.
- •Relation of Lexicology to other linguistic fields.
- •What is a Word? The Notion of Lexeme.
- •4 . Lexical Fields.. Word Families. Word Classes
- •Definition of the Word. Characteristics of Words.
- •Synchronic and Diachronic Study of Vocabulary.
- •Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Relations between Words.
- •8. Factors that Contribute to Shifts in Meaning
- •9.Transference Based on Similarity (Metaphor).
- •Transference Based on Contiguity (Metonymy).
- •Amelioration vs. Pejoration of Meaning.
- •Processes Responsible for Semantic Changes
- •14 .What Are Meaning Relations? Relation of Reference vs. Sense Relation
- •15 . Synonymy. Strict (absolute) and loose Synonyms. Criteria for absolute synonymy.
- •3 Criteria for absolute synonymy:
- •16. Reasons for extensive synonymy in English.
- •17. Major differences between items in synonymic sets
- •18.Antonymy. Types of Antonyms.
- •Hyponymy and Meronymy.
- •20.The Concept and Definition of Meaning.
- •Major differences between British and American English with respect to vocabulary.
- •Word Meaning (Word as a linguistic sign).
- •Types of Connotation
- •Polysemy. Problems Inherent in the Concept of Polysemy.
- •Homonymy. Types of homonyms.
- •Jargon and slang.
- •Euphemisms and taboo words.
- •Phraseology. Principles of classification of phraseological units.
- •31.Word Formation: Affixation. Inflectional and derivational affixes.
- •2 Types of word formation:
- •Word Formation: Compounding. Classification of compounds.
- •Word Formation: Conversion, Blending, Shortening.
- •33.Scandinavian borrowings in English.
- •34.Greek and Latin loanwords in English.
- •35.French borrowings in the English vocabulary.
- •36.Neologisms. Euphemisms and the notion of political correctness.
- •37.Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Componential Analysis.
- •38.Etymological make-up of the English Vocabulary.
- •Main types of dictionaries.
- •40.Lexicology and Lexicography
- •41. Selection of lexical units and arrangement of entries in dictionaries.
- •42.Selection and arrangement of meanings.
- •Methods of lexicological analysis.
- •1.1. Contrastive Analysis
- •Regional variation in the English vocabulary.
- •Collocation and the notion of collocability
- •Why learn collocations?
- •[Edit] Noun
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Transformational Analysis
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Distributional Analysis.
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Immediate Constituent Analysis.
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Contrastive Analysis.
- •Methods of Lexicological Investigation: Statistical Analysis.
38.Etymological make-up of the English Vocabulary.
The native element1 |
The borrowed element |
I. I Indo-European element
|
I. Celtic (5th — 6th c. A. D.) |
II. Germanic element |
II. Latin 1st group: 1st с. В. С. 2nd group: 7th c. A. D. 3rd group: the Renaissance period |
III. English Proper element (no earlier than 5th c. A. D.) |
III. Scandinavian (8th — 11th c. A. D.) IV. French 1. Norman borrowings: 11th — 13th c. A. D. 2. Parisian borrowings (Renaissance) V. Greek (Renaissance) VI. Italian (Renaissance and later) VII. Spanish (Renaissance and later) VIII.German IX. Indian X. Russian And some other groups |
Main types of dictionaries.
ENCYCLOPAEDIC AND LINGUISTIC DICTIONARIES. An encyclopedic dictionary typically includes a large number of short listings, arranged alphabetically, and discussing a wide range of topics. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be general, containing articles on topics in many different fields; or they can specialize in a particular field (such as art, biography, law, medicine, or philosophy). They may also be organized around a particular academic, cultural, ethnic, or national perspective.
The linguistic dictionary deals with only the lexical stock i.e. words as speech material and may be roughly called 'word book'. The linguistic dictionary usually attains the status of the encyclopaedic dictionary in different ways, given below:- (a) when a linguistic definition becomes inadequate to describe the lexical item, especially when it is a culture bound word, the lexicographer has to include encyclopaedic information e.g. Malto kud ko:la-n. 'an earthen pot in which the umbilical cord is preserved'. Hindi baghnakh, baghnakhaa n. ek aabhuuÀan?a jisme N baagh ke naakhuun caaNdii yaa sone meN mar?he hote hEN. 'a type of ornament in which the nails of a tiger are studded in gold or silver'. (b) In the definition of certain words the encyclopaedic definition determines the underlying concept': Coal n. 1. Hard opaque black or blackish mineral or vegetable matter found in seams or strata below earth's surface and used as fuel and in manufacture of gas, tar etc., (COD) cf. this definition with coal n. a black, hard substance that burns and gives off heat. (Ladder Dictionary) (c) when we give different meanings of a polysemous word and mark them with labels, we give a hint that the meaning belongs to a particular branch of human knowledge like botany, astronomy, medicine etc,. impliedly indicating the encyclopaedic information there. The same thing happens to the quotations in illustrative examples with citations. Again, when we just refer to some work for further details about any type of cultural information, we give indirectly encyclopaedic information.
Historical and Etymological Dictionaries
The main function of both the historical dictionary and the etymological dictionary is to present the history of a lexical item. he difference lies in their approach. The historical dictionary records the development of a lexical item in terms of both the form and the meaning of the particular lexical unit, whereas the etymological dictionary presents the origin of words by tracing the present day words to their oldest forms.The historical dictionary is concerned with a systematic study of changes affecting a lexical unit during its life i.e. within a period from which there is evidence.
Special dictionaries classified on the basis of the formal aspects of the lexical units are of the following types: (a) Spelling or orthographical dictionaries, (b) Pronouncing dictionaries, (c) Word formation dictionaries (including dictionaries of roots, verbs etc.), (d) Dictionaries of homonyms, (e) Dictionaries of paronyms, (f) Grammatical dictionaries, (g) Reverse dictionaries (h) Dictionaries of abbreviations, acronyms etc.
General Dictionaries: the general dictionary, as stated earlier, covers the total language. The dictionary of any size may be a general dictionary. It contains words from all spheres of human activities and all areas of the life of the speakers of the language.