Recruitment

There are many ways in which an organization can recruit personnel. Posting a list of vacancies on the company notice-board or publishing it in employee magazines is fairly common and gives current employees theopportunity of applying for a position. Similarly, a subordinate may be referred for the position by his or her superior.

Another means of recruiting internally is to search in the organizations existing files. Some companies have a data base of their employees' skills and special interests. Reviewing these files periodically may reveal employees who are well-suited to a particular position.

Although recruiting people within the organization can have many advantages, it does have its limitations. If companies wish to be dynamic it is essential to inject new blood from time to lime. Similarly, existing employees may not have the necessary skills that the position requires. Consequently, it is often necessary to recruit people from outside the organization.Advertising is a commonly used technique for recruiting people from outside. The advertising medium should be chosen according to the type of public the organization is aiming at. If a highly specialized person is required, a specialty publication such as a trade magazine may be most appropriate. National newspapers and magazines sometimes carry a Senior Appointment section for specialized personnel. Many national and local newspapers have a General Appointments section or a Classified Ads section for less specialized personnel. Radio and television Advertising of vacancies is relatively underdeveloped in most countries.Employment agencies may be another source of recruitment. State-backed agencies compete with private agencies in many countries. In general, private agencies charge a fee whereas public sector agencies offer their services free of charge. Another difference is that private agencies tend to offer more specific services: for example, they may specialize in a particular area of recruitment such as temporary secretaries, middle managers or senior executives. They may also include search services, otherwise known as headhunting, or provide management consulting.Current employees are sometimes encouraged to refer friends, family and ex-colleagues to fill a particular vacancy. This is particularly true in occupations such as nursing where there is a shortage of trained people.Other valuable sources of recruitment may be university campuses, trade unions, professional organizations and unsolicited applications.

transportation as a factor

of economic: development

Transportation has always been a vital factor in the cultural and economic development of the human race and the effort to improve transportation has occupied much of man's time and effort through the centuries. Nations, regions, cities, industries, and business firms have grown or failed to grow because of the presence or absence of adequate transportation facilities. Those areas of the world that have developed culturally and economically the earliest and fastest have been those that have adequate transportation. Hence the great old cities of die world were all located where adequate and long-distance water transportation was available. Those areas without adequate water transportation had to wait the coming of other modes of transportation before their development could, really begin. In modern times we find that the interior of the continent of Africa is still to a great extent underdeveloped culturally and economically partly because it has been in the past, and still is to a some degree, inaccessible.

The only acess to villages, agricultural and other productive areas in Africa are earth roads. They account for a considerable proportion of the road network, but most of them are generally operable only during the dry season. A large proportion of the fleet remains immobilised for long periods, a situation which adversely affects the overall economic performance of developing Africa.

The African railway system is composed of several short inde­pendent national systems of different gauges, which makes it difficult to promote socioeconomic integration at the national, subregional and regional levels. Also, because of the old age of rails, the poor alignment and the low construction standards, the average operating speed of the railway system is only about 40 km/h. The railway traffic is also very low.

In the area of air transport, while 40 foreign airlines and 51 Af­rican airlines serve the continent, only 20 per cent of the total air transport operations involve direct links among African countries. In maritime transport, the volume of Africa's seaborne trade has increased only marginally. The low level of the shipping capacity of Africa explains the very large share of Africa's seaborne trade handled by foreign vessels.

So. if appears that economic progress is inevitably tied to transportation. This is basically because trade or commerce cannot flourish without an adequate transportation system at reasonable cost, and without trade there can be little in the way of industrial activity and the employment and income that this brings about.