3.Tropes: figures of combination (simile, oxymoron, antithesis, paradox, climax,zeugma and pun).

Simile- is expressive, imaginative comparison of two unlike objects, belonging to two different classes. consists of three components: the compared object, the object and the linking element – most often a conjunction as, like, as though, as if, мов немов, ніби, як, наче, неначе, etc. e.g.Paula is like a flower. 2) Дівчина була струнка, як тополя.

The English linking element like in some cases may serve as a semi affix, e.g.: dog-like devotion (собача відданість).

Oxymoron- is a combination of words which are semantically different.. … the place was full of nothing, awfully pretty, жахливо гарний, страшенно цікавий,

Antithesis is close to oxymoron but antithesis is a confrontation of at least two separate phrases or sentences semantically opposite:oxymoron – wise foolishness, antithesis – the age of wisdom, the age of foolishness.

Paradox is a statement that appears to be self-contradictory but contains something of a truth: Cowards die many times before their death.

Climax is stylistic device consists in arranging the utterance so that each subsequent component of it increases significance, importance or emotional tension of narrationIn climax we deal with string of synonyms or at least semantically related words. I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry. 2) Гарний, чудовий, пречудовий – незрівнянний, божественний.

Climax suddenly interrupted by an unexpected turn of the thought that defeats expectations of the reader (listener) and ends in a complete semantic reversal of the idea is called anticlimax.

Women have a wonderful instinct about things. They can discover everything except the obvious (O. Wild).

Zeugma and Pun- are stylistic devices which consist in play on words and operate on the linguistic mechanism of polysemy: the realization of different meanings of one and the same word, or the principle of semantic incompatibility of language units used in the utterance.

Freddy got out of bed and low spirits

Pun is a variant of zeugma. But pun is more independent structurally.. It is just play on words based either upon polysemy or homonymy.

(1) Visitor to a little boy:Is your mother engaged?

• Engaged? She is already married!

6.Syntactic stylistic devices: parallelism, chiasmus, parceling, attachment. Rhetoric question.

Parallelism- producing of two or more syntactic structures according to the same syntactic pattern In parallelism both the whole sentence or its part can be built according to the similar structural pattern: Merried men have wives and don’t seem to want them. Single fellows have no wives and do itch to obtain them.

Chiasmus- based on the similarity of a syntactical pattern in two successive sentences or coordinate parts of a sentence, but it has a cross order of words and phrases. Успіх несе радість. Радість несе успіх. 2. Не говори, що знаєш, а знай, що говориш.

Parcelation (парцеляція) is a deliberate split of one single sentence into two (or more) parts, separated by a full stop or its equivalent. Both parts of the sentence remain semantically and logically connected. But being structurally independent, they acquire greater communicative value and impart expressiveness to the whole utterance: They stood around him. Talking (D. White).

2.Коло неї Гафійка. Наче молода щепа з панського саду (М. Коцюбинський).

The stylistic function of parcelation reflects the atmosphere of unofficial communication and spontaneous character of speech.

Attachment or gap-sentence link (приєднання) - based on a peculiar type of connection of sentence parts or sentences in a text. Prison is where she belongs. And my husband agrees one thousand per cent (T. Capote).

In this sentence the second part, which is hooked on to the first by the conjunction and, seems to be a kind of afterthought deliberately brought by the author into the foregrounded opening position.

Rhetoric question- is an emotional statement or negation expressed in the form of a question. Rhetoric question does not requires any answer or demand any information but is used to emphasize the idea, to render speaker’s emotions or to call the attention of the listener (reader) to the focus of the utterance. Being your slave, what should I do but carry Upon the hours and times of your desire (W. Shakespeare). 2. Хто може випити Дніпро, Хто властен виплескати море, Хто наше злото-серебро Плугами кривди переоре, Хто серця чистого добро

Злобою чорною поборе? (М. Рильський

5.Syntactic stylistic devices based on the extinction of sentence model (repetition, enumeration, polysyndeton).Syntactic stylistic devices based on the change of word order (inversion, detachment).

Repetition - is recurrence of the same word, word combination, phrase for two or more times in close succession.There are:

Ordinary repetition. (repeated element has no definite place in the utterance) I wake up and I’m alone and I walk round Warley and I am alone; and I talk with people and I am alone and I look at his face when I’m home and it’s dead (J. Braine).

Successive repetition - is a string of closely following each other reiterated units. I wanted to knock over the table and hit him until my arm had no more strength in it, then give him the boot, give him the boot, give him the boot – I drew a deep breath (J. Braine).

Anaphora. Anaphora is the repetition of elements at the beginning of each consecutive syntactic structure: And everywhere were people. People going into gates and coming out of gates. People staggering and falling. People fighting and cursing (P. Abrahams) .2) Дерева мене чекають. І падає листя на стежку,І падають зорі в долоні, І падає сон у траву (І. Драч).

Epiphora. Epiphora is the repetition of the final elements of each successive utterance. 1). She stopped and seemed to catch the distant sound of knocking. Abandoning the traveler, she hurried towards the parlour. In the passage she assuredly did hear knocking, angry and impatient knocking, the knocking of someone who thinks he has knocked too long (A. Bennett).

Framing- initial element of the utterance is repeated at the end of the utterance. Thus the syntactic structure resembles a kind of a “frame”: between the repeated words or word combinations there comes a middle part that explains and clarifies the idea . 1) Я так і знав, що ти запізнишся, я так і знав! 2) Nothing ever happened in that little town, left behind by the advance of civilization, nothing (S. Maugham).

Enumeration - is a stylistic device by which separate things, objects, phenomena, properties, actions are named one by one so that they produce a chain of syntactically homogeneous but semantically remote elements. “… singing birds in tiny cages, water sellers, sunsets, melons, males, great churches, ' pictures…”

Polysyndeton-is stylistically motivated deliberate repetition of conjunctions or prepositions: The raisins and almonds and figs and apples and oranges and chocolates and sweets were now passed about the table (J. Joyce).

Inversion- is a syntactic phenomenon of the deliberate changing of word order in the initial sentence model. There are two types of inversion: grammatical and stylistic. Grammatical inversion is aimed at the change of the communicative type of sentence and has no stylistic value. Stylistic inversion is aimed at logical or emotional intensification of a certain sentence element. 1) Rude am I in my speech...( W.Shakespeare). 2) Безбожний царю, творче зла,

Правди гонителю жестокий (Т. Шевченко).

Detachment - (відокремлення) is based on singling out structurally and semantically a secondary member of the sentence with the help of punctuation: dashes, commas or even a full stop.

1)There was a world of anticipation in her voice and of confidence too, as she walked past me on to the terrace (D. du Maurier). 2) Горіли свічки, сяяли в рушниках ікони...Але це відійшло, розтануло разом з ладанними димами, зостався...лише цей довершений архітектурний витвір, оця симфонія пластики (О. Гончар).