Вопрос 30 oe Strong verbs

The majority of OE verbs fell into two great divisions: the strong verbs and the weak verbs. Besides these two main groups there were a few verbs which could be put together as “minor” groups. The main difference between the strong and weak verbs lay in the means of forming the principal parts, or “stems” of the verb. The strong verbs formed their stems by means of ablaut and by adding certain suffixes; in some verbs ablaut was accompanied by consonant interchanges. The strong verbs had four stems, as they distinguished two stems in the Past Tense – one for the 1st and 3rd p. sg Ind. Mood, the other – for the other Past tense forms, Ind. and Subj. the weak verbs derived their Past tense stem and the stem of Participle II from the Present tense stem with the help of the dental suffix -d- or -t-; normally they did not interchange their root vowel, but in some verbs suffixation was accompanied by a vowel interchange. Minor groups of verbs differed from the weak and strong verbs. Some of them combined certain features of the strong and weak verbs in a peculiar way (“preterite-present” verbs); others were suppletive or altogether anomalous.

Strong Verbs The strong verbs in OE are usually divided into seven classes. Classes from 1 to 6 use vowel gradation which goes back to the IE ablaut-series modified in different phonetic conditions in accordance with PG and Early OE sound changes. Class 7 includes reduplicating verbs, which originally built their past forms by means of repeating the root-morpheme; this doubled root gave rise to a specific kind of root-vowel interchange. The principal forms of all the strong verbs have the same endings irrespective of class: -an for the Infinitive, no ending in the Past sg stem, -on in the form of Past pl, -en for Participle II.

Strong vrb indicate tense by a change in the quality of a vowel. They are original(germ. Europ). Restrictive group of verb. Oe – over 300Sv. 1 class –i class, a. 2 class-u-classu+root=diphthong,. Root consonant changed(rotasism). 3,4 class- the gradation was caused by consonant.(breaking), 6- qualitative-quantities ablaut 7 class –reduplication of the root-morpheme. They use form of conjugation known as ablaut. And this form of conjugation the stem of the word change to indicate the tense.

Вопрос 31 oe Weak verbs

W.v. form their Preterit and Participle2 by addition of a dental suffix (d/t) –love, loved. Weak verbs form the majority of Old English verbs. There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old English. The first class displays i-mutation in the root. The verbs of Class I usually were i-stems, originally contained the element [-i/-j] between the root and the endings. The verbs of Class II were built with the help of the stem-suffix -ō, or -ōj and are known as ō-stems. Class III was made up of a few survivals of the PG third and fourth classes of weak verbs, mostly -ǽj-stems.

Each Wv. is characterized by 3 basic forms: infinitive, Preterit and a participle 2.

1st class regular verbs are formed either from noun, or from other verbs. In regular verbs the root vowel in all forms subjected to mutation under the influence -i in suffix. 1. The verbs with long root vowels -i disappears irrespective of which consonant stood before it. dēman-dēmde-dēmed

The 1^st class formally with ja in the present and i in the past. Its root vowel is mutated (anomalous). 3 forms, because Pl&sg distinguished only the inflection. There are 11 irregular verbs in 1 class. Their irregularity consist that they have suffix only in 1 form - the infinitive and present tense, and it means, that umlaut was only in 1-st form, that is the 1st form distinguished from the second and the third by quality of the root vowel. (sellan, sealed, seald-to give). Irreg verbs which have a mutated vowel in the Present tense and no mutation in the Preterit and P2

2rd class –o-class. This o –is preserved by preterit and Participle2. 2^nd class has - oja -in the infinitive and –o- in preterit. The vowel is not mutated.

3^rd class contained few verbs: habban-hæfde-hæfd (have), Libban-lifde-lifd (live), Secзan-sæзde/sæde-sæзd/ (say). The dental suffix is joined immediate to the root. In the present there was –j-, but the 2^nd and 3^rd pers.Sg show no trace of –j-.

OE anomalous verbs

Among the verbs of the minor groups there were several anomalous verbs with irregular forms. Suppletive v(beon, wesen –root be, es,wes)is verb which create different grammatical categories by means of root vowel(be,es,wes). The most important group of these verbs were the so-called “preterite-presents”. Originally the Present tense forms of these verbs were Past tense forms. Later these forms had a present meaning but preserved many formal features of the Past tense. Most of these verbs had new Past Tense forms built with the help of the dental suffix. Some of them also had the forms of the verbals: Participles and Infinitives. In OE there were twelve preterite-present verbs. Six of them have survived in Mod E: OE āз; cunnan; cann; dear(r), sculan, sceal; maзan, mæз; mōt (NE owe, ought; can; dare; shall; may; must). Most preterite-presents did not indicate actions, but expressed a kind of attitude to an action denoted by another verb, an Infinitive which followed the preterite-present. In other words they were used like modal verbs, and eventually developed into modern modal verbs. They have in Present vowel gradation and in the Past – dental suffix.

OE willan was an irregular verb with the meaning of volition and desire; it resembled(имело сходство) the preterit-presents in meaning and function, as it indicated an attitude to an action and was often followed by an Infinitive. Willan had a Past tense form wolde, built like sceolde, the Past tense of the preterite-present sculan, sceal. Eventually willan became a modal verb, like the surviving preterite-presents, and, together with sculan developed into an auxiliary (NE shall, will, should, would).

Some verbs combined the features of weak and strong verbs. OE don formed a weak Past tense with a vowel interchange: and a Parti­ciple in -n: don — dyde — зe-don (NE do). OE buan 'live' had a weak Past — bude and Participle II, ending in -n, ie-bun like a strong verb.

Changes of vowel in ME

There are qualitative and quantitative changes of vowel in ME. Quantitative vowel changes - In Later OE and in Early ME vowel length began to depend on phonetic conditions. The earliest of positional quantitative changes was the readjustment of quantity before some consonant clusters: 1) Lengthening - ME - in 9-10 century. Short vowels were lengthened before two consonants – a sonorant and a plosive. All vowels occurring in this position became long, e.g. OE wild – ME wild [wi:ld] – NE wild.

Shortening - occurred at long vowels before two consonants. All vowels in this position became or remained short, e.g. OE cēpte > ME kepte [΄keptə] – NE kept.

3) Short vowels became long in open syllables, e.g. OE nama > ME name [na:mə] – NE name. This lengthening

initially affected the more open of the short vowels [e], [a] and [o] 13 cent.

unstressed vocalism: There was a reduction of unaccented syllables in a final position, and then it is lost. At First there was weakening, and then loss of a unstressed syllable.

Qualitative vowel changes.

After Norman invasion continued to develop the dialect: Northern dialect(бывший Northumbrian), East-Midland(Mercian), West_midlend(Mercian), South-Eastern(Kentish), South-Western(Wesseks).

Short vowel - у краткого -а- - сохранился во всех диалектах. -а- или-о- befor nosal: in east-Midland закрепилось(fix) –о- (con), в остальных закрепилось – а- (can). -æ- (лигатура) – found во всех диалектах, но сам значок не существовал. Зап-центр, Кент - -æ turn into –е- (wæs – wes). In the rest - -æ перешел в –а- (wæs – was). e- во всех диалектах без изменений. о – без изменений. i – без измененй . u - без изменений. y – в разных диалектах развивалось по разному: сев, вост-центр –/y/-/i/ и в последствии знак –y- стал обозначать только этот звук (bisy). Wентр, юго-зап – letter –u- стала обозначать звук /ü/ (busy). Кент – /y/ - /e/ (besy). y-i –labialization. Y-e –labial+opening. Y-u. The vowels [y] and [y:] existed in OE dialects up to the 10th c., when they were replaced by [e], [e:] in Kentish and confused with [ie] and [ie:] or [i] and [i:] in WS. In Early ME the dialectal differences grew. In some areas OE [y], [y:] developed into [e], [e:], in others they changed to [i], [i:]; in the South-West and in the West Midlands the two vowels were for some time preserved as [y], [y:], but later were moved backward and merged with [u], [u:]

Long vowels – This was and early instance of the growing tendency of all long monophthongs to become closer, so [a:] became [o:] in all the dialects except the Northern group (hām – hōm, stān – stōn) -ō- иногда depicts as digraph –оа-. Долгая æ(была только в Уэссекском диалекте) преходит в –ē- открытую. (изображалась диграфом –еа-). OE slæpan – ME slēpan В других диалектах –æ- (являлась результатом умлаута) перещла в –ē- закрытое. ( изображалась диграфом –ее-). ē – ēзакр. ō- ōзакр., ū – без изменений, ī- без изменений.

OE diphthongs in ME were monophtongonized. ea – a (healf- half). eo: Сначала ео прешло в гласный ö(который изображался как ео и просуществовал а зап-центр и юго-зап диалектах до 14в.) В остальных диалектах с 12 в. ö пререшел в –е-) heorte- herte. Долгий ea преходит в ē откр. hleapan – lepen. Долгий eo – ē закр. (изображался как –ее) seon – sen.

One of the mosl important sound change:, of the Early ME period was the loss of OE diphthongs and the growth of new diphthongs, with new qualitative and quantitative changes. Long and short: [ea:], [eo:], [ie:] and [ea], [eo], [ie]. Towards the end of the OE period some of the diphthongs merged with monophthongs: all diphthongs were monophthongised before [xt], [x’t] and after [sk’]; the diphthongs [ie:], [ie] in Late WS fused with [y:], [y] or [i:], [i]. In Early ME the remaining diphthongs were also contracted to monophthongs: the long [ea:] coalesced (united) with the reflex of OE [ǽ:] – ME [ε:]; the short [ea] ceased to be distinguished from OE [æ] and became [a] in ME; the diphthongs [eo:], [eo] – as well as their dialectal variants [io:], [io] – fell together with the monophthongs [e:], [e], [i:], [i]. As a result of these changes the vowel system lost two sets of diphthongs, long and short. In the meantime anew set of diphthongs developed from some sequences of vowels and consonants due to the vocalization of OE [j] and [γ], that is to their change into vowels. In Early ME the sounds [j] and [γ] between and after vowels changed into [i] and [u] and formed diphthongs together with the preceding vowels, e.g. OE dæз > ME day [dai]. These changes gave rise to two sets of diphthongs: with i-glides and u-glides. The same types of diphthongs appeared also from other sources: the glide -u developed from OE [w] as in OE snāw, which became ME snow [snou], and before [x] and [l] as in Late ME smaul and taughte.

The great vowel Shift

Include ME long vowels which were monophtongonized.

General case:

i: > ai /ri:den/ > /raid/ ride, ė: > i: /sle:pen/ > /sli:p/ sleep, ę: > e: > i: /mę:l / > /me:l/ > /mi:l/ meal, a: > ae: > ei /na:m/ > /neim/, ò: (о-долгое открытое) > ou /ro:d/ > /roud/, ǒ: (о-долгое закрытое) > u: /mo:n/ > /mu:n/, u: > au /hu:s/ > /haus/.

There is a contraction(сужение) and push out (вытеснение) of vowels i: and u:, which became diphthongs, e: and o: have taken their place.

Spelling (Orthography): - “ee”: - “ea”, ò: - “ou”: - “oa” (See/sea; meet/meat - the spelling explaince a condition of16 century, and the end of a phase of merge(слияние):it: is 17 century.).

Great, steak, break -: ę: turn into ei. The basic result of this shift is reduction of number of vowel phonemes due to reduction of number of long vowels.

i:-------u:, ė:-----ò:, ę:---ǒ:, a:.

The Great Vowd Shift {14-18 cc). 1 theory - 15-17 century, 2-nd - 16-18 century, in 18 century - rhymes and орфоэпические texts. Historian G.S.Uajld at dating started with an illiterate writing. Bleynd (blind), credyll (cradle) in XV century. On the basis of some similar spelling it dates the beginning of the shift of vowels to 14 century – the beginning of. 15 century, and the end of merge /ė:/ и /ę:/ с /i:/ from ME. /e:/ - концом XVI в.

Some theories explains ВСГ -

1.push-chain. Все началось с e: и o: . Они стали «push out» narrow.

2.drag-chain Узкие ушли в дифтонги и потянули(drag) за собой монофтонги.

But: Both theory shows that: 1. In this chain it became tight (тесно). 2. At first the narrow monophtongs have gone (ушли) and more wide have taken their place.

ME	-	NE
[i:] – [ai]	-	Time[i]-time[ai]
[e:]-[i:]	-	Kepen [e]-keep[i:]
[a:]-[ei]	-	Maken[a:] – make [ei]
[o:]-[ou]	-	Stohe
[o:]-[u]	-	Moon
[u:]-[au]	-	Mous – mouse
[au]-[o:]	-	cause