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Gastro-intestinal diseases

  1. What does the digestive system consist of?

The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine with rectum. The accessory organs are the teeth, salivery glands, hard and soft palates, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

  1. what are the principal functions of the gastro-intestinal tract?

the principal functions of gastro-intestinal tract are: 1) to convert food into simple substances-that is called digestion 2)to propel substances to the point of absorbtion 3) absorbtion of the products of digestion into the blood stream 4) to excrete waste material

  1. what is gastritis? What types of gastritis do yo know?

Gastritis is a disease which charactirized by changing a gastric mucosa. There are two types: acute simple exogenous gastritis and chronic gastritis.

  1. what can acute and chronic gastritis be caused by?

Acute gastritis may be caused by the ingestion of alcohol, sharp spices, salicylates, creosote, antibiotics and by swallowed bacteria and their toxins. The cause of chronic gastritis is unknown. A wide variety of irritants have been suspected, but none has been established as specific.

  1. what are the most prominent symptoms of each types of gastritis?

In acute gastritis there are the symptoms of malaise, anorexia, epigastric pressure with a sensation of fullness, nausea, headache, vertigo, vomiting, prostration and exhaustion.

In all forms of chronic gastritis, the majority of patients have sensations of heartburn and of epigastric fullness or pressure after the ingestion of food. Anorexia, nausea, vomiting and serious gross hemorrhages may occur. May be epigastric pain.

  1. what is ulcerative colitis?

Ulcerative colitis i a disoder of the large intestine in which the colon becomes inflamed and ulcerated.

  1. what is the treatment for ulcerative colitis?

A special sulfonamide drug may control the symptoms of a severe attack and prevent recurrences. Treatment with corticosteroids by mouth and as enemas may also be necessary.

  1. what complications may ulcerative colitis cause?

The most serious complications are associated with a sudden attack of bloody diarrhea, with perforation of the intestine, peritonitis, and intestinal bleeding.

  1. what is appendicitis? What are its causes and symptoms?

Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendics. Appendicitis usually is preceded by obstraction due to a facalith or enlarged lymph node, and sometimes by stenosis or kinking of the organ. Inflammation results from this obstruction, and infection results from invasion of the appendicidal wall by any of the many bacteria present in the intestinal tract. Appendicitis is heralded by pain in the umbilical regaion, commonly accompanied by anorexia, nausea, vomiting. After several hours this reffered pain shifts to the right lower quadrant and is continuous \, dull or severe, accentuated by coughing, sneezing, jarring.

  1. What is peritonitis? Describe its clinical manifestation. How to manage this pathology?

Peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritonel cavity. Infectous agents or foreigh matter withing the peritoneal cavity are responsible for the inflammation. Clinical manifestation vary, depending on the etiologic agent,the underlying disease, and the virulence. In acute cause, the patient is prostrated by severe constsnt pain. Tenderness and pain may be maximal in the general area of an underlying disoder, such as appendicitis, perforated ulcer etc. To manage this pathology it is necessary to observe rules a hygiene, keep a check on condition of gastro-intestinal tract, in time cure gastro-intestinal disease. Antimicrobal therapy, maintenance of electrolyte balance and surgical skill have greatly reduced the mortality of peritonitis

Liver diseases

  1. What is liver? Give anatomical description of the liver.

Liver is the largest and most complex organ in the body. Most of it lies in the right upper side of the abdomen under the diaphragm and ribs. It is covered by a tough, fibrous capsule. The gallbladder and its ducts lie beneath the right side of the liver.

  1. What are the principal physiological functions of the human liver?

The cells of the liver process digested food, storing as much of it as it required and converting the remainder into substances the body needs. Te liver stores vitamins. Liver cells also recycle various substances that are needed by the body. In addiction, the liver destroys many poisonous substances that may be absorbed into the body and acts as an organ of excretion.

  1. What are the causes of liver diseases? Name the diseases.

The liver may be disrupted by a number of disorders, of which the major causes include infection, poisoning, excessive alcohol, metabolic abnormalities, obstruction, and deficiency diseases.

  1. What are the symptoms of liver disoders?

The first symptom of many disoders is jaundice, which occurs when the bile pigment bilirubin accumalates in the blood. Abdominal swelling, resulting from fluid in the peritoneum may be caused by obstruction of the hepatic portal vein.

  1. What is cirrhosis? What are its types?

Cirrhosis is a generic term that includes all forms of chronic diffuse liver disease characterized by significant loss of liver cells, collapse and fibrosis of the supporting reticulin network with distortion of the vascular bed, and nodular regeneration of the remaining liver cell masses. Most types of cirrhosis can be classified as follows: Laennec’s, postnecrotic, biliary(primary or secondary), hemochromatosis, cardiac or congestive and rare and nonspecific cirrhosis.

  1. What are the symptoms of cirrhosis?

Early symptoms can include weakness and a feeling of tiredness, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting of blood, and constipation or diarrhea. Symptoms of advanced cirrhosis include jaundice, broken blood vessels, a hard liver, a swollen abdomen, and swollen ankles. Some men suffering from the disoder experience an enlargement of their breasts, loss of pubic hair and shrinking of the testicles.

  1. What is the treatment for cirrhosis?

In cirrhosis caused by autoimmune disease, steroids and immunosuppressive drug may be prescribed. Specialized care over a long period includes a highprotein diet with extravitamins. Antibiotic drugs may be prescribed if there is infection.

  1. What is the difference between hepatitis A and B?(ethiology, incubation period, transmission)

Traditionally, viral hepatitis had been classified into two types: infectious(A) and serum(B). These distinctions were based on earlier observations that hepA had a shoter incubation period, high contagious rate, and usually a fecal-oral route of transmission, while hepB had a longer incubation period, was less contangious, and was thought to be transmitted only by the parenteral route.

  1. What are the histological and morphological lesions of hepatitis?

The typical morphologic lesions of both hepatitis are often similar and consist of panlobular infiltration with mononuclear cells, hepatic cell necrosis, hyperplasia of Kupffer cells, and variable degrees of cholestasis. Liver cell damage consists of hepatic cell degeneration and necrosis, ballooning of cells and acidophilic degeneration of hepatocytes.

  1. Describe the clinical picture of acute hepatitis.

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