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The Development of Analytical Forms of a Relative Future (Future-in-the-Past)

The relative future in OE was rendered as follows:

1. by means of the past tense of the conjunctive mood: and sædon Þæt his sunu wære gesundful – and it was said that his son would be healthy

2. using the compound verbal predicate with modal verbs sculan and willan in the past: hē seolfa onget Þæt hine mon ofslean sceolde – he understood himself that he would be killed.

At the end of the Old English period the present tense form of the indicative mood functioned to denote the relative future. It occurred due to the general tendency of ousting the conjunctive mood out of the temporal meanings in the subordinate clauses. [8]

E.g. Hie sweotollīcce cÿðdon Þæt sē egeslīca dōmes dæg cymeth – they spoke clearly that the doomsday would come.

Combinations of sceolde and wolde with the infinitive of the notional verbs were not grammaticalized, which manifested itself in their being found only in the context, which was semantically close to the original meaning of sculan and willan correspondingly.

Relative future actions expressed by these forms had usually the tinge of obligation or volition.

E.g. Hē seolfa onget hine mon ofslean sceolde – he understood himself that he would be killed.

At the beginning of the Middle English period the combinations of scolde(wolde) and the infinitive become the main means of rendering the relative future. The process of grammaticalization of these forms runs simultaneously with the process of simple future grammaticalizations.

The intense grammaticalization of the forms described begins starting with the second half of the XIII century. As in the case with simple future forms the verb sholde is the first to lose its lexical meaning. [18]

E.g. Valerian gan faste unto hir swere that for no cas … he sholde never-mo biwreyen here – Valerian started swore to her that he would never betray her.

Thus, a new analytical form with sholde, which represents the relative future, appears already at the end of the Middle English period.

The grammaticalization of the form wolde occurs in the Early New English period.

E.g. Did not I say he would work it out?

Till the end of Middle English a simple future form can be used alongside the Future-in-the-Past form.

E.g. Men seyde eek, that Arcite shal nat dye, He shal ben helped of his maladye. – I was also told, that Arcite would not die, he would be cured of his disease.

Early New English is characterized by the development of the system of Future-in-the-Past forms:

1. Future-in-the-Past Indefinite Passive Tense

E.g. Jack hoped tha Lel and Moose would be gone for good by the time they got back to the cabin.

2. Future-in-the-Past Perfect Tense

E.g. It caused her, at his behest, to wait a while longer, the while … he would not only have saved up the money, but devised some plan.

The last form, which appeared already in the New English, period was Future-in-the-Past Continuous Tense (XVIII).

E.g. thinking of the moment when he would be standing before the Judge, Varney began to stir restlessly in his bunk.

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