III. Answer the questions:

1. What students are the most highly motivated in their studies?

2. What changes occurred in British system of tuition fees?

3. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of students loans. Would you like our government to introduce it in Ukraine?

4. Dwell upon good and bad points of living in dormitories and rented rooms.

5. What sort of cheating is popular with 21 century students?

6. How profitable is "tailormade" essays business?

7. Think about the measures to combat students plagiarising. Bear in mind that companies offering essays insist they are selling research to students and the papers are not meant to be reproduced word for word in course work. Thus, their activity is quite legal.

8. Are there any highlights similar to British "rag" in Ukrainian universities?

9. Missing lectures is an international problem. What are the inevitable consequences of "skipping" and "cutting" classes all over the world?

10. Make propositions for Profs to get their trainees to work hard at lectures and seminars.

Physical Characteristics and Criminology

I. Study the vocabulary:

obnoxious –неприємний, огидний, бридкий;

despicable - ганебний, мерзенний;

bestrew - розметати, розкидати;

misshapen - деформований;

proclivity - схильність;

hereditary - успадкований;

rait -риса;

dimension -розмір, вимip;

swollen - роздутий, розпертий;

aquiline -орлиний;

beaklike -схожий на дзьоб;

law-abiding - законопорядний;

identification -ототожнення, розпізнавання, пізнавання, установлення особи;

vital -життевий, істотний, суттсвий;

investigator -дослідник, випробувач, слідчий;

to conduct an investigation -проводити слідствво;

offender -правопорушник;

portrait parle - словесний портрет;

artist's sketch –ескіз художника;

identi-kit -фоторобот;

description - опис;

human body - тіло людини;

devise -придумувати, вигадувати, винаходити;

point - питания, справа, пункт;

ethnic data-eтнічні дати;

head shape -форма голови;

complexion - колір обличчя (іноді також волосся i очей);

facial hair- волосяний покрив обличчя;

scar - шрам, рубець;

behavioral characteristic -характерна риса поведінки;

Speech pattern -манера говорити;

mental disorder -розумовий розклад.

П. Read and learn the text of the topic:

Popular wisdom says: "Appearances are deceptive" and "A fair face may hide a foul heart". Does person's appearance really have something to do with his character? Are there any special facial features typical for ill-natured and criminally minded people?

The belief that unusual physical characteristics mark off the evil and socially obnoxious person is often ancient origin. For example, Homer described the thoroughly despicable Thersites as follows:

One eye was blinking, and one leg was lame;

His mountain shoulders half his breast overspread.

Thin hairs bestrewed his long misshapen head.

The Iliad

Physiognomy - judging character from facial features - was a recognized study in Europe. German physician and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall tried to establish relationships between skull structure and criminal proclivities. This theory, popular during the 19^lh century, is now discredited and has been abandoned. A more sophistical theory a biological one - was developed late in 19* century by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who asserted that crimes were committed by persons who are born with certain recognizable hereditary physical traits.

In an enormous book called The Criminal, he set out the idea that there is a definite criminal type, who can be recognized by his or her appearance. Some of what he said is difficult to believe. For example, he said that left-handed persons have a criminal instinct.

Some other physical characteristics, thought to indicate the atavistic type of person who became a criminal, were the following:

1. Deviation in head size and shape from the type common to the race and region from which the criminal came.

1. Asymmetry of the face.

2. Excessive dimensions of the jaw and cheekbones.

3. Eye defects and peculiarities.

2. Ears of unusual size, or occasionally very small, or standing out from the head as do those of the chimpanzee.

3. Nose twisted, upturned, or flattened in thieves, or aquiline or beaklike in murderers, or with a tip rising like a peak from swollen nostrils.

4. Lips fleshy, swollen, and protruding.

5. Pouches in the cheek like those of some animals.

6. Abnormal dentition.

7. Chin receding, or excessively long, or short and flat.

8. Excessive length of arms.

9. Imbalance of the hemispheres of the brain.

Lombroso's theory was disproved early in the 20^th century by the British criminologist Charles Goring. Goring's comparative study of jailed criminals and law-abiding persons established that so-called criminal types do not exist.

Nevertheless physical appearance description is of vital importance, if not for criminologists, then for investigators to identify a possible offender by means of photography identi-kit, artist's sketch, or portrait parle.

The portrait parle is a verbal picture or description of human body. It was devised in 1882 by Alphonse Bertillon, a young clerk in the Paris police, and it is still used as the oldest means of making a physical description. Twenty points of personal physical description are used: ethnic data, height, weight, build, head shape, face shape, complexion, hair, facial hair, eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, chin, cars, scars, deformities, common blood types, physical defects. As an aid in identifying a subject ten behavioral characteristics are used: speech pattern, walk, handwriting, habits, nervous disorders, narcotic use, alcohol use, tobacco use, sexual behavior, mental disorders.