2. Категоризация мировых культур: Linear-Active, Multi-Active, Reactive Cultures. Проблемы столкновения культур, принадлежащих к разным категориям.

The several hundred national and regional cultures of the world can be roughly clas¬sified into three groups:

- task-oriented, highly organized planners (linear-active);

- people-oriented, loquacious interrelators (multi-active);

- and introverted, respect-oriented listeners (reactive).

Linear-active (Swedes, Swiss, Dutch, Americans and Germans):

- introvert, patient, quiet, plan ahead methodically, job-oriented and unemotional, value punctuality

- do one thing at a time, concentrate hard on that thing and do it within a scheduled time period (consider it more efficient)

- dominated by time-tables, get and verify information from books, statistics

- separate social/ professional

- stick to facts, value fixed agendas

Multi-active (Spaniards, Italians, Greeks, Latin Americans):

- extrovert, impatient, talkative

- not very interested in schedules or punctuality

- do not like to leave conversations unfinished (even if it goes beyond their schedule)

- let one timetable influence another and change plans

- are likely to juggle facts and prefer first-hand oral info

- Emotional and people-oriented

Reactive (Japanese, Koreans, Chinese, Vietnamese, Finns):

- silent, patient, good listeners, prefer to look at general principles, react, punctual

- reacts to partner's timetable

- sees whole picture, makes slight changes, statements considers to be promises

- summarizes well, plans slowly, delegates to reliable people, avoids confrontation, doesn't interrupt, connects social and professional

Enduring misunderstandings arise principally when there is a clash of category rather than nationality.

The ability to interact successfully with foreign partners in the spheres of commercial activity, diplomatic intercourse and scien¬tific interchange is seen as increasingly essential and desirable => cross-cultural training is very useful.

Билет 11

1. Право внешних сношений. Дипломатический корпус. Понятия: gunboat diplomacy, shuttle diplomacy.

Diplomatic corps denotes the entire body of all diplomatic representatives, ambassadors and ministers, nuncios and internuncios, charges d’affaires

in broader sense: – includes not only heads of missions but the diplomatic personnel headed by them (ministers-counsellors, counselors, first, second, third secretaries, attachés),

- and persons who enjoy diplomatic status

(trade representatives, military attachés, experts),

- family members.

DC:

- has no status of a political organization

- however, allows effective solutions of certain questions of concern to all diplomatic missions

- makes it easier to brief them on the country’s political course

- facilitates the contacts with official circles and among missions themselves

DC is headed by a Doyen:

- head of a diplomatic mission with longer term of stay in the given country

- high-ranking diplomatic officer

- respected post(but he is not authorised to give orders to other members)

- unofficial consultative meetings with heads of missions of ceremonial nature(in the course of a luncheon, farewell parties) or on matters of protocol

- brief on customs,protocol practice, give recommendations to his colleagues

- speaks on behalf of DC at festive events

Heads of mission are divided into 3 classes - namely:

1) ambassadors, nuncios, and others of equivalent rank (accredited to Heads of State)

2) envoys, ministers, internuncios (accredited to Heads of State)

3) charges d’affaires (accredited to Ministers for Foreign Affairs)

If the post of head of the mission is vacant, or if the head of the mission is unable to perform his functions a chargé d'affaires ad interim shall act provisionally as head of the mission.

Charge d’affaires – the lowest ranking official of the dip service

Chargé d'affaires ad interim – counselor or secretary of an embassy or legation who automatically assumes charge of a dip mission in the temporary absence of an ambassador or minister.

2. Структура компании (история создания, основные направления деятельности, этапы развития, производственные мощности, иерархия, основы успешной деятельности на примере компаний Shell, Colgate-Palmolive, Proctor & Gamble).

Most companies are made up of three groups of people: the shareholders (who provide the capital), the management and the workforce.

Board of directors -> managing director -> senior management -> middle management.

Board of Directors:

• is at the top of the company hierarchy

• headed by the Chairperson or President (elected by the Board and responsible for key policy decisions and the strategy)

Managing Director or Chief Executive Officer (CEO):

• appointed by the BoD

• has overall responsibility for the running of the business

Senior managers:

• head the various department or functions within the company.

Departments:

Personnel (Human Resources):

• manages employee affairs

• finds and screens new employees

• keeps employee records and run training, recreation and education programs,

• manages employee benefits (or fringe benefits) such as medical coverage, life insurance, profit sharing plans and pension plans.

Marketing:

• is bringing a product to market and building its market share

• has become almost scientific, thanks to computers and modern market research

• marketing people devise strategies such as market segmentation and positioning

• includes advertising.

R&D (Research and Development):

• in R&D scientists and engineers engage in what are often called technical programs

• assisted by technicians, specialists who are less educated or experienced

• general mission – to enhance existing products, to involve new technologies etc

Information Technology:

• is the computer and telecommunications heart of a corporation

• gets and transmits timely information about business inside and outside the company

Manufacturing:

• Raw materials and parts receiving

• plant engineering, production, production scheduling,

• quality control or quality assurance and shipping.

• The place where manufacturing takes place is usually called the production line.

PR (Public Relations):

• communicating with the press on the behalf of the company

• creating and supporting an attractive image of the company of the marketing

Билет 12