2. Понятие культуры. Чем обусловлено поведение представителей отдельной культуры? Что может вызвать культурный шок? Понятие нормы.

Culture – “the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one category of people from another”

Collective programming – a process to which we are subjected since birth, it begins in the cradle and reinforces in the kindergarten, school and workplace.

Brainwashing – imposing on somebody new core beliefs of a strange or sometimes alien against his will, often with connotation of political coercion

We learn our core beliefs from our parents and teachers, we find them almost impossible to discard. Types of traits:

• inherited (common to mankind) – “deep inside all people are alike” – not numerous

• learned (result of collective programming) – they become our core beliefs – others = strange

• individual (deviants) – by personal originality and even genius

Cultural display – utterance or action, through which you reveal your cultural attitudes

Cultures: 1) own culture 2) friendly culture 3) alien culture

Cultural shock – when 2 different cultures clash (example: an Italian late for 30 mins for the meeting with a German -> deadlock or withdrawal from a project. An Italian late for a meeting with a French -> criticism, but okay -> next time Italian late for 20 mins and French late for 15 mins himself)

Every nation thinks it is normal and others are abnormal (Finns consider Italians overly emotional, Japanese consider Americans straight-talking as rude, Germans think Australians are undisciplined)

Normal/abnormal:

• Collective programming in our culture convinces us that we are normal, others eccentric

• then we consider everybody else abnormal

• We also make assumptions on the basis of our subjective view and, even worse, assumptions about other people's assumptions.

• Nearly all nations think they are the best (Americans – best, Spaniard – the bravest, French – intellectually superior etc.)

Chauvinism – aggressive or fanatical patriotism

Билет 22

1. Понятие международного права: основные исторические вехи. Лига Наций: создание, роль.

Historical milestones mark the development of modern IL:

1. the Peace of Westphalia

- ended the Thirty Years' War established system for peace and cooperation in Europe

2. the Congress of Vienna,

- 1815 ended the Napoleonic Wars

3. the establishment of the League of Nations

- came into being in 1920 with force of its Covenant, part of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended WWI.

- the first effort to create a permanent inter-governmental institutional framework for the resolution of political disputes and the preservation of peace.

- established the Permanent Court of International Justice

4. The United Nations

- founded in 194

2. Предпринимательская революция. Молодые предприниматели эпохи Маргарет Тетчер.

In modern globalizing world young entrepreneurs are not a rare case. 1 of 8 startup businesses today is founded by a person aged 16 to 24.

Advantages:

• Possibility to become a self-made millionaire in your early years

• Lots of organizations to help you (special trusts and helplines)

• Customers believe you don’t have preconcieved ideas and choose you

• Being self-employed means you can keep all your profit (+secrecy of financial records)

• The simplest from of business

Disadvantages:

• Success comes at a price (you have to work very hardly, have no free time + give up your social life)

• High risk of failure (beacause of shartage of business and real life experience)

• Difficult to raise the initial capital (to find money to start your business)

• Customers often percieve you with prejudice (they think you are naive and inexperienced)