- •Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
- •Английский язык
- •Содержание
- •Пояснительная записка
- •Тема №1 Наука, выдающиеся ученые и их открытия
- •Тема №2 Металлы
- •Текст 1
- •Текст 2
- •Текст 3
- •Тема №3 Обработка металла
- •Текст 1
- •Текст 2
- •Текст 3
- •Тема №4 Материалы и технологии
- •Текст 1
- •Текст 2
- •Тема №5 Станки, станки с числовым программным управлением
- •Текст 1
- •Текст 2
- •Текст 3
- •Текст 4
- •Текст 5
- •1 Вариант
- •2 Вариант
- •Тема №6 Сварка, виды сварки
- •Текст 1
- •Текст 2
- •Тема №7 Автоматизация, виды автоматизации. Роботы в промышленности
- •Текст 1
- •Текст 2
- •Текст 3
- •Текст 4
- •Список литературы
- •1. Что говорят при встрече и прощании
- •2. Как подбодрить, посочувствовать, предложить свою помощь
- •3. Как поблагодарить, ответить на благодарность
- •4. Как выразить (не) согласие с мнением собеседника
- •5. Как выразить сомнение, предостережение, совет, предложение
- •6. Как спросить, попросить о чем-нибудь и как ответить
- •Тексты о наиболее значимых достижениях науки и технологии и великих ученых и их открытиях
- •Тексты для дополнительного чтения
- •Англо-русский словарь
Тема №1 Наука, выдающиеся ученые и их открытия
Цель: овладеть новой лексикой по теме, временами группы Perfect Continuous.
Студент должен
иметь представление:
о наиболее значимых достижениях науки, о великих ученых, чьи открытия существенно повлияли на развитие науки в данных отраслях;
знать:
времена группы Perfect Continuous;
уметь:
прочитать, перевести и пересказать текст, использовать его в коммуникативно-обращенном устном монологическом высказывании, составить диалог по теме, активизируя лексику текстов, написать сочинение.
Тематика текстов для чтения: Наука и учёные, Наука и технологии, Джеймс Ватт, Д.И.Менделеев, М.В.Ломоносов, И.И. Сикорский, Ж.Стивенсон, Д.Джоуль (Приложение Б).
Грамматика: времена группы Perfect Continuous.
Виды практических заданий: лексические и грамматические упражнения: упр.272, 273, 274 стр.230-234 (2); упр.1 стр.62, упр.5 стр.63, упр.11 стр.65, упр.20 стр.68, упр.28 стр.72 (3); перевод и пересказ текстов, составление диалогов, выполнение лексических диктантов и письменных работ, включая, подготовку сочинения.
Вид контроля: устный и письменный опрос.
Тексты
Science and scientists
Science and technology
Задание 1 Выучить слова и подготовиться к лексическому диктанту:
science - наука
scientist - ученый
scientific - научный
search – искать
researcher - исследователь
investigate - исследовать
unify - объединить
attempt - попытка
explain - объяснить
prove - доказать
complicated - сложный
complicated problem - сложная проблема
appear - появиться
boundary - граница
closely interconnected - близко связанный
tool - инструмент
discovery - открытие
invention - изобретение
satisfy - удовлетворить
shelter - убежище
steam engine - паровой двигатель
contribute - внести вклад
nuclear - ядерный
nuclear power - ядерная держава
digital - цифровой
digital computer - компьютер
refer - обратитесь
quantity - количество
physical quantity - физическое количество
measure - мера
liquid - жидкость
process - процесс
process the data - обработка данных
typewriter - пишущая машинка
headquarters - штаб
Задание 2 Переведите предложения на русский язык в письменной форме:
Science deals with facts and the relationship among these facts. Some scientists try to solve difficult mathematical problems. They use different scientific methods.
Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the universe. Researchers have examined this problem.
Some researchers investigate why we act the way we go.
Scientists develop theories that help them order and unify facts.
Scientists attempt to solve mathematical problems.
Scientists try to explain different problems.
Some scientists attempt to solve complicated mathematical problems.
Many new fields of science have appeared.
The boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear.
Different kinds of tools and machines make our life easier.
The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our views about ourselves and our place in the universe.
Technology means the use of people’s inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs.
Since people have appeared on the earth, they have had to get food, clothes, and shelter.
Industrial technology began with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and the mass production of goods.
Science has contributed much to modern technology.
Some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depend heavily on science.
Digital computers deal with numbers.
The word “computer” almost always refers to a digital computer.
Analog computes work with a physical quantity, such as weight, speed, temperature.
The thermometers measure the temperature.
They measure temperature in terms of the length of a thin line of liquid in a thermometer.
The computers are able to process the data.
IBM makes data processing systems, electronic computers, electric typewriters, dictation machines, etc.
IBM’s headquarters are in Armonk, New York.
Задание 3 Прочитайте тексты и выполните задания, следующие за текстами:
SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
The word “science” comes from the Latin word “scientia”, which means “knowledge”. Science covers the board field of knowledge that deals with facts and the relationship among these facts.
Scientists study a wide variety of subjects. Some scientists search for clues to the origin of the universe and examine the structure of the cells of living plants and animals. Other researchers investigate why we act the way we do, or try to solve complicated mathematical problems.
Scientists use systematic methods of study to make observations and collect facts. They develop theories consist of general principles or laws that attempt to explain how and why something happens or has happened. A theory is considered to become a part of scientific knowledge if it has been tested experimentally and proved to be true.
Scientists study can be divided into three major groups: the natural, social, and technical sciences. As scientific knowledge has grown and become more complicated, many new fields of science have appeared. At the same time, the boundaries between scientific fields have become less and less clear. Numerous areas of science overlap each other and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins. All sciences are closely interconnected.
Science has great influence on our lives. It provides the basis of modern technology – the tools and machines that make our life easier. The discoveries and inventions of scientists also help shape our view about ourselves and our place in the universe.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Technology means the use of people’s inventions and discoveries to satisfy their needs. Since people have appeared on the earth, they have had to get food, clothes, and shelter. Through the ages, people have invented tools, machines, and materials to make work easier.
Nowadays, when people speak of technology, they generally mean industrial technology. Industrial technology began about 200 years ago with the development of the steam engine, the growth of factories, and the mass production of goods. It influenced different aspects of people’s lives. The development of the car influenced where people lived and worked. Radio and television changed their leisure time. The telephone revolutionized communication.
Science has contributed much to modern technology. Science attempts to explain haw and why things happen. Technology makes things happen. But not all technology is based on science. For example, people had made different objects from iron for centuries before they learnt the structure of the metal. But some modern technologies, such as nuclear power production and space travel, depended heavily on science.
Задание 4 Найдите в текстах эквиваленты английских слов и словосочетаний:
означает, охватывает, взаимосвязь, широкое разнообразие, ищут разгадки, происхождение Вселенной, структура клеток, сложный, собирать факты, упорядочить и обобщить, общие принципы, пытаются объяснить, как и почему, что-то произошло, соответствующий действительности, основные группы, общественные науки, в то же самое время, все менее и менее четкие, многочисленный, тесно взаимосвязаны, она обеспечивает, открытия, изобретения, формировать наши взгляды, о себе, удовлетворять собственные нужды, они должны были, кров, на протяжении веков, инструменты, чтобы сделать, в настоящее время, тому назад, паровой двигатель, рост, массовое производство товаров, время доступа, произвел революцию, сделала большой вклад, например, из железа, в течение веков, очень сильно, зависит
Задание 5
Найдите в текстах слова близкие по значению.
Wide, to research, to attempt, to believe, to examine, main, complex, difficult, to start, big, a motor, various, to study.
Найдите в текстах слова противоположные по значению.
Narrow, easy, practice, artificial, old, more, to begin, small, little.
Задание 6 Заполните пропуски необходимыми словами:
Science d… with a variety of subjects.
Scientists s… for the answers to the different questions.
The structure of the cells is e… by the scientists.
Different theories u… the facts.
The b… of some scientific fields are not clear.
The natural, social and technical sciences are closely i….
T… the ages, people have invented tools, machines, and materials to make work easier.
Science c… much to modern technology.
9. Some modern technologies d… on science.
10. During our l… time we watch TV.
Задание 7 Образуйте общие вопросы к данным предложениям:
Science deals with the fact and the relationship among these facts.
A theory becomes a part of scientific knowledge.
Science attempts to explain how and why things happen.
Technology makes things happen
Technology influences different aspects of people’s lives.
Задание 8 Образуйте специальный вопрос к предложениям:
The word “science” mean “knowledge” (what).
The scientific can order facts (what).
The scientists can unify facts (what).
They usually test the theory experimentally (what).
Technology influence different aspects of our life (what).
Задание 9 Обсудите следующие пословицы в парах, используя разговорные клише:
Knowledge is power.
Time brings wisdom.
Задание 10 Прочтите, переведите диалог, дополните диалог, активизируя лексику по теме, используя Приложение А.
A: Good morning, Pete!
B: Hello, Nick!
A: Why, were you absent yesterday?
B: I was ill, by the way what is our home task?
A: Oh, we had a very interesting lesson “Science and Technology”.
B: Is that really so?
A: Yes, it is. As for me I prepared the report about T.A. Edison.
His many successful inventions are well known.
B: I’ve never heard about him.
A: By the way, our home task is to retell the text.
B: Sorry, I must be off. I’ve got an appointment.
A: See you soon.
Задание 11 Перескажите текст “Science and Technology”.
Задание 12 Прочитайте и перескажите текст:
James Watt
James Watt was a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, known for his improvements of the steam engine.
Watt was born on January 19, 1736, in Greenock, Scotland. He worked as a mathematical-instrument maker from the age of 19 and soon became interested in improving the steam engine which was used at that time to pump out water from mines.
Watt determined the properties of steam, especially the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure, and designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented large losses of steam in the cylinder. Watt's first patent, in 1769, covered this device and other improvements on steam engine.
At that time, Watt was the partner of the inventor John Roebuck, who had financed his researches. In 1775, however, Roebuck's interest was taken over by the manufacturer Matthew Boulton, owner of the Soho Engineering Works at Birmingham, and he and Watt began the manufacture of steam engines. Watt continued his research and patented several other important inventions, including the rotary engine for driving various types of machinery; the double-action engine, in which steam is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder; and the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure in the engine. He retired from the firm in 1800 and thereafter devoted himself entirely to research work.
The misconception that Watt was the actual inventor of the steam engine arose from the fundamental nature of his contributions to its development. The centrifugal or flyball governor, which he invented in 1788, and which automatically regulated the speed of an engine, is of particular interest today. It embodies the feedback principle of a servomechanism, linking output to input, which is the basic concept of automation. The watt, the unit of power, was named in his honour. Watt was also a well-known civil engineer. He invented, in 1767, an attachment that adapted telescopes for use in the measurement of distances. Watt died in Heathfield, near Birmingham, in August 1819.
Задание 13 На основе упражнения 12 подготовьте в письменной форме рассказ о каком-нибудь ученом и его вкладе в науку, используя тексты из Приложения Б.