Lesson 9

Task 1. Complete the text with the words in the box.

1. return	5. demand	9. unique	13. fraction	17.intermediaries
2. rates	6. loans	10. functions	14. liabilities	18. earn
3. payments	7. source	11. equal	15. borrowers	19. reserve
4. zero	8. issue	12. withdraw	16. interest	20. depositors

Banking sector.

Banks perform two crucial ( 1 ). First, they receive funds from ( 2 ) and, in

( 3 ), provide these depositors with a checkable ( 4 ) of funds or with interest ( 5 ). Second, they use the funds that they receive from depositors to make loans to ( 6 ); that is they serve as ( 7 ) in the bor­rowing and lending process.

When banks receive deposits, they do not keep all of these deposits on hand because they know that depositors will not ( 8 ) all of these deposits at once. Instead, banks keep only a ( 9 ) of the deposits that they receive. The deposits that banks keep on hand are known as the banks' reserves. When depositors ( 10 ) deposits, they are paid out of the banks' reserves. The ( 11 ) re­quirement is the fraction of deposits set aside for withdrawal purposes. The reserve requirements is determined by the nation's bank authority, a government agency known as the central bank. The central bank is

( 12 ) in that it is the only bank that can ( 13 ) currency. Deposits that banks are nor required to set aside as reserves can be lent to borrowers, in the form of ( 14 ). Banks ( 15 ) profits by borrowing funds from depositors at ( 16 ) or low rates of ( 17 ) and using these funds to make loans at higher ( 18 ) of interest.

The balance sheet summarizes the bank's assets and ( 19 ). Assets are valuable items that the bank owns and consist primarily of the bank's reserves and loans. Li­abilities are valuable items that the bank owes to others and consist primarily of the bank's deposit liabilities to its depositors. A banking firm's assets must always

( 20 ) its liabilities.

Task 2. Match each of the words or phrases on the left to an appropriate definition.

1. Audit	a) The auditor has not obtained sufficient competent evidential matter to form an opinion on the airness of presentation of the financial statements as a whole. The necessity of disclaiming an opinion may arise either from a serious limitation on the scope of examination or from the existence of unusual uncertainties concerning the amount of an item or the outcome of a matter materially affecting financial position or results of operations
2. Internal audit	b) A systemic examination and evaluation of financial records by experts (auditors) who check the accuracy of the entries and procedures followed by the accountants who originally compiled the records
3. Internal control	c) A term used to describe financial records’ state of accuracy, authenticity, and completeness
4. Independent audit	d) The part of the auditors’ report that states the paragraph results of the auditors examination
5. Fairness	e) The auditor’s opinion is affected by procedural omissions and variations in keeping with the financial records. In this case, the auditor has to give a clear explanation of the reasons for the qualification and of the effect on financial position and results of operation
6. Scope paragraph	f) A review and evaluation of a company’s financial record by employees of the same company
7. Opinion	g) An audit performed by a highly qualified certified accountant (auditor) from outside the organization. An examination of a company’s financial statements to render an independent professional opinion that they have been presented fairly and prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles
8. Unqualified opinion	h) The part of the auditors’ report that states the examination was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards
9. Qualified opinion	i) The auditor feels that the financial statements do not present fairly the financial position or results of operations in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles. This kind of opinion is required in any report where the exceptions to fairness of presentation are so evident that in the auditor’s judgment a qualified opinion is not justified
10. Disclaimer of opinion	j) The auditor satisfies himself by thorough examination of the accounting records that the financial statements are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles on a basis that is consistent with the practices of the previous accounting period
11. Adverse opinion	k) A system that includes the plan of or ganization and all the related methods and measures adopted within a business to safeguard its assets, check the accuracy and reliability of its accounting data, promote operational efficiency, and encourage adherence to prescribed managerial policies

Task 3. Fill in the blanks using the word combinations given below, translate the letter.

Letter 1.

It would be our pleasure to welcome you at our corporate (1) in Brighten. We would like (2) of the food processing joint ventures. We (3) forward to your visit. (4) , Mr. Clark would also be pleased to meet you.

We believe your Executive Director (5) our seminars. A better understanding of our culture and management will certainly help us in our (6) .

a. look

b. headquarters

c. should attend

d. future negotiations

e. to discuss the foundation

f. Our chairman

Letter 2.

Confirming our (1) of 5 February 2002, we wish to inform you that according to (2) between Co. “Green” and firm “Bec” on 8 February 2001 the delivery (3) is to begin in October this year. The (4) will be delivered F.O.B. In order to (5) of the delivery we would ask you to prepare suitable platforms.

We suggest the (6) be done by sea on special barges.

a. delivery of the converters

b. telephone conversation

c. avoid disruption

d. of the equipment

e. main equipment

f. the contract No 23 signed

Task 4. Choose the correct variant.

1. We ran a very good advertising … .

a) program

b) campaign

c) activity

d) company

2. Information is being produced faster than managers can … it.

a) process

b) deal with

c) define

a) understand

3. The Mississippi isn’t … river in the world.

a) longer

b) the longest

c) the longer

d) longest

4. She is the director of a company which … drugs.

a) manufacture

b) manufactures

c) manufactured

d) will manufacture

5. The new computer system … next month.

a) is being installed

b) is been installed

c) will be installed

d) was installed

6. The boss says he … to see you immediately.

a) wanted

b) wants

c) want

d) will want

7. My boss says I … consider the problem carefully before making a decision.

a) should

b) can

c) may

d) ought

8. If I … to those conditions, I will only offer you three months guarantee.

a) will agree

b) agreed

c) agrees

d) agree

9. If you won a million pounds, what … you … to buy?

a) will … like

b) would … like

c) would … have liked

d) do you … like

10. … all this, I left them the following day.

a) do

b) doing

c) having done

d) to do