Контрольне завдання № 2

Для того, щоб вірно виконати контрольне завдання №2, необхідно засвоїти наступні розділи курсу англійської мови за рекомендованим посібником:

І.Видо-часові форми дієслова в активному стані:

а) група неозначених часів (Present, Past, Future Indefinite);

б) група тривалих часів (Present, Past, Future Continuous);

в) група перфектних або доконаних часів (Present, Past, Future Perfect).

2.Видо-часові форми дієслова в пасивному стані: група неозначених часів (Present, Past, Future Indefinite). Особливості перекладу пасивних конструкцій на українську мову.

З.Модальні дієслова:

а) модальні дієслова, що передають можливість: can{could),may ra еквівалент дієслова сап - to be able to;

б) модальні дієслова, що передають належність must та йото еквіваленти to have to та to be to

4.Прості безособові форми дієслова Дієприкметник теперішнього часу - Participle l(Present Participle), дієприкметник минулого часу Participle if(Past Participle) в функціях означення та обставини.

5.Підрядні означальні та додаткові сполучникові речення; підрядні обставинні речення часу та умови.

6 Словотвори? суфікси дієслова та основні словотвірні префікси

Контрольна робота 2

Варіант 1 (А-Є)

1Перекладіть наступні речення з різними формами порівння.

1. A woman is as old as she looks, a man is as old as he feels.

2. You won't find a cheaper hotel round here. They'll all be as expensive as this one.

3. Girls are not as brave as boys.

2. Заповніть пропуски

1. He is ... clever ... he seems.

2. She was only five years younger ... I was.

3. Birmingham is ... large ... London.

4. Tom boasted that he was twice ... strong ... myself.

3. Заполніть пропуски

1. I have ... interesting news to tell you.

2. I have ... time to speak to you now. I am very busy.

3. Have you got... English records at home?

4. Where can I buy ... flowers?

4. Дайте відповіді, вживаючи наданні слова

1. Are the exercises for your homework difficult? unknown words

2. Is the flat you live in noisy? children

3. Is it pleasant to ski in the forest now? snow

5. Підкресліть правильне слово.

1. There is (much/many) furniture in this room.

2. She has (much/many) Russian but (few/little) English books.

3. Please, don't make so (much/many) noise.

4. There is (little/a little) paper in the drawer. You may take it.

6. Запишіть речення в пасивному стані, перекладіть.

1. The students translate texts during the lessons.

2. We use this room only on special occasions.

3. The police asked each of us about his movements on the night of the crime.

4. Mo one can do anything unless someone gives us more information.

7. Запишіть речення в активному стані

1. The police were called by the watchman and the man was arrested.

2. All sorts of things are left in buses. They are collected by the conductors and sent to the Lost Property Office.

3. The warehouse is guarded by dogs. A thief who tried to get in was seen by a dog and chased.

8. Поставте дієслова в пасивному стані.

1. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday.

2. Many houses (to build) in our town every year.

3. This work (to do) tomorrow.

4. Basketball (to play) all year round.

9. Перекладіть речення.

1. Ancient people didn't know that the Earth goes around the Sun.

2. He realized that the old life he had lived in that city since his boyhood was ended.

3. It was uncertain whether the concert would be outdoors.

10. Перетворіть присудок головного речення в Past Indefinite і зробить необхідні зміни в підрядному реченні .

1. She says that she can read English books in the original.

2. We are sure that we shall pass our examinations.

3. It is known that Lomonosov founded Moscow University.

11. Вставте у речення дієслова з дужок у потрібному часі.

1. She said that she (to know) English a little.

2. We knew that they (to come) to visit us next week.

3. We were informed at the conference that many scientists (to work) at the problem of cancer.

12.Перетворіть пряму мову на непряму:

а) розповідне речення:

1 He said to me, «The Hermitage has the richest ' collection of pictures in the world. « to assure

2. He said to his friends, «I am leaving for Great Britain on Monday. « to inform

б) загальне питання:

1. «Were you trying to get at the secret files?« said Mr. Jones. to ask

в) спеціальне питання

1. Mary said to the ex-convict, «What did you miss to inquire most when you were in prison?*

2. The detective said, «How many people know the to ask combination of the safe?*

г) спонукальні речення:

1. «Please, fill up this form, « the secretary said. to ask

2. «Don't drive too fast, « she said to him. to advise

13. Перетворіть на пряму мову.

1. She asked me where 1 lived.

2. She asked me to hurry up as there was little time left before the beginning of the lesson.

3. He asked me what I should do if I did not find the article I needed.

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Partnership

A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for people. When the owners of the partnership have unlimited liability they are called general partners. If partners have limited liability they are " limited partners ". There may be silent partner as well - a person who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management. The reverse of the silent is the secret partner - a person who takes part in management but who is not know public.

Any business may have the form of the partnership, for example, in such professional fields as medicine , law , accounting , insurance and stock brokerage partnership are the common form of ownership in real estate, oil prospecting, quark industries, etc.

Partnerships have more advantages then sole proprietorship if one needs capital or diversified management. Like sole proprietorship they are easy to form tax benefits from the government.

Partnerships have certain disadvantages too. One is unlimited liability. It that each partner is responsible for all debts and is legally responsible for the whole business. Another disadvantage is that partners may disagree with each other.

Comprehension questions.

1. What is the difference between a general partnership and a limited partnership?

2. Is there any difference between a silent partner and a secret partner?

3. In what business is the partnership a common form?

4. What are the advantages of a partnership?

Контрольна робота 2

Варіант 2 (Ж-Л)

1. Перекладіть наступні речення з різними формами порівння.

1. In all the countryside there is no garden so lovely as his.

2. Our new house is five storeys higher than the one we lived in before.

3. Let's take this way, it's a mile shorter than that one.

2. Заповніть пропуски

1. Now he seemed half... strong ... he used to be before his illness.

2. The road through the fields is ten miles shorter ... the road through the forest.

3. Заповніть пропуски

1. I am interested in ... information you can give me on this question.

2. May I have ... water, please?

3. He hardly found ... new words in that lesson.

4. I have ... relatives in this city.

4. Дайте відповіді, вживаючи наданні слова

1. Do you still need these newspapers? interesting articles

2. Do you like to work in this little room? light

3. Why do you always work at the window? fresh air humor

5. Підкресліть правильне слово

1. I have got (few/a few) pictures in my room, but not very many.

2. There are only (few/a few) cigarettes in the box.

3. Give me (little/a little) water, please. I am very thirsty.

4. I have just (a few/few) prints, but they all are very good.

6. Запишіть речення в пасивному стані, перекладіть.

1. The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month.

2. They will say nothing more about the matter if someone returns the stolen gun.

7. Запишіть речення в активному стані

1. These calculations are done by a computer.

2. The man was tried, found guilty and sent to Prison.

3. The piano is being repaired at the moment.

4. The car will be towed to the garage.

8. Поставте дієслова в пасивному стані.

1. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London.

2. Moscow (to found) in 1147.

3. The question (to settle) as soon as they arrive.

4. The answer to this question can (to find) in the encyclopedia.

9. Перекладіть речення.

1. She didn't know where her umbrella was.

2. I knew that Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, but I didn't feel like answering the question.

3. He hoped that his friend would help him with his car.

10. Перетворіть присудок головного речення в Past Indefinite і зробить необхідні зміни в підрядному реченні .

1. I think they are having an English class now.

2. I say that both my children are keen on sports.

3. Do you know that prices rose yesterday?

11. Вставте у речення дієслова з дужок у потрібному часі.

1. They were sure that the play (to be) a success.

2. He said that the telegram (to receive) the day before.

3. He said that he (to finish) his course paper the next month.

12 Перетворіть пряму мову на непряму.:

а) розповідне речення :

1 My friend said, «I didn't hand in my composition on Wednesday, because I was ill. « to explain

2. Her husband said, «I have bought a wonderful present for your mother. « to answer

б) спеціальне питання

1. «Can you tell me why Paul left the University Without taking his degree?« Paul's sister said. to want to know

2. «Did any of you actually see the accident happen?« said the policeman. to inquire

в) специальные вопросы:

1. She said to the policeman, «Where can I park to ask my caravan?»

2. He said to her, «Why does he speak so loudly?« to wonder

г) спонукальні речення:

1. «Make a list of what you want, « she told us. to remind

2. «Open the safe, « the raiders said to the bank to order clerk.

13. Перетворіть на пряму мову.

1. I asked if I could speak to the Dean.

2. His wife asked him not to do anything dangerous.

3. I asked one on the search party how long they would go on looking for them.

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UK Political System

1. The United Kindom of Great Britain is a monarchy. 2. The power of the Queen of Great Britain, Elizabeth II is not absolute. 3. Her powers are limited by the Parliament. 4. The legislative branch, the Parliament consists of the House of Lords and .the House of Commons. 5- The executive branch consists of the central Govenment - that is the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who are responsible for initiating and directing the national policy. 6. The judiciary branch is independent of both the legislative and the executive ones. 7. The Government derives its authority from the elected House of Common^. 8. A general election, for all seats in the House of Commons, must be held at least every five years. 9. The Government is normally formed by the political party which is supported by the majority in the House of Commons. 10. The party's leader is appointed the Prime Minister by the Queen and chooses a team of ministers. 11. The second lagests party becomes the Official Opposition with its own leader and "Shadow Cabinet". 12. The House of Lords is a hereditary Chamber. 13. In Great Britain there is no written constitution, only customs, traditions and precedent.

Comprehension questions

-

1. What can you say about the power of the Queen in Great Britain?

2. What houses does the legislative branch consist of?

3. Who is responsible for initiating and directing the national policy?

4. How often must the elections be held?

5. Which party forms the Shadow Cabinet?

6. Is there a constitution in Great Britain?

Контрольна робота 2

Варіант 3 (М-С)

1. Перекладіть наступні речення з різними формами порівння.

1. Now the road seemed many times as long, which always happens when you are dead tired.

2. Now he seemed half as fit as he used to be before his illness.

3. Jane was as nervous as I once had been before the interview.

2. Заповніть пропуски

1. This coat costs twice ... much ... mine.

2. He had more important things to do ... the others in the group.

3. It's rather more complicated story ... that.

3. Заповніть пропуски

1. You can find her at... time between nine and six.

2. She comes here ... day.

3. Do you want ... milk in your coffee?

4. Have you got ... objections?

4. Дайте відповіді, вживаючи наданні слова

1. Is this story interesting? old houses

2- Do you want to move to another district? rain

3. Do you want to live in Great Britain? lectures

5. Підкресліть правильне слово

1. Is there (many/little) work for you to do every day?

2. Does this car use (much/many) petrol?

3. There are (few/a few) parties that have nice music and pretty decorations.

6. Запишіть речення в пасивному стані, перекладіть.

1. A thief stole my dog and brought him back only when I offered $20 reward for him.

2. The judge gave him two weeks to pay the fine. 9. The author has written a special edition for children.

3. The author has written a special edition for children.

7. Запишіть речення в активному стані.

1. All our copies have been sold but more have been ordered.

2. Trespassers will be prosecuted.

3. My car has been stolen and abandoned.

4. I was awakened by a frightful crash at 4 a.m.

8. Поставте дієслова в пасивному стані

1. When I came home, the sweets (to eat).

2. Central Africa (to explore) by Livingstone in the 19th century.

3. America's first college, Harvard, (to found) in Massachusetts in 1636.

4. The reporter says that prisoners of conscience (to hold) in at least 70 countries.

9 Перекладіть речення.

1. Yesterday Tom heard that his aunt had been ill for five days.

2. We were told that Depeche Mode was going to our town.

3. We were told that the lecture wouldn't take place on Friday.

10. Перетворіть присудок головного речення в Past Indefinite і зробить необхідні зміни в підрядному реченні .

1. I don't know that they have already arrived.

2. We are sure that they have solved the problem.

3. We think that you are going to enter the Institute.

11. Вставте у речення дієслова з дужок у потрібному часі.

1. I said that I (to leave) that morning.

2. They said that they (to see) that film a week before.

3. The clerk said that the lifts (to be) out of order.

12.: Перетворіть пряму мову на непряму:

а) розповідне речення:

1. She said, «Yes, you were right yesterday. « to admit to add

2. He said, «1 met her at the canteen where I was having dinner. « to promise

б) загальне питання:

3. «Shall I ever see him again?« she said. to wonder

в) спеціальне питання:

4. He said to her, «Who called while I was out?« to want to know

г) спонукальні речення:

5. «Think well before you answer, « the detective to advise warned her.

6. «Put your pistol on the table, « said the crook. to order

13. Перетворіть на пряму мову.

1. Albert asked if he should report the police about the lights in the empty house across the road.

2. The clerk said that it would take a little time to look up my file.

3. The examiner asked me how long I had been learning English.

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The State Structure of the USA

1. The United States of America is a federative republic. 2. From 1959 the Federation comprises 50 states. 3. The president is the head of the state and of the executive departments. 4. He is also the commander-in-chief of the army and Navy of the USA.-5, The president and vice-president are elected for a term of four years. 6. All legislative powers are vested in Congress, which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. 7. There are 100 senators and 435 members in the House of Representatives. 8. The Senators are elected by popular vote for a term of six years two from each state, the Representatives are elected for two-years terms. 9. Both houses must approve the bill for it .to became a law. 10. An essential role in the US political system is played by the Supreme Court, which may declare a law, passed by a Congress, to be contradictory to the Constitution of the Country. II. The various states have legislative and executive bodies of their own, 12. Their structure, function and competence are determined by

the Constitution of each state. 13. There is an elected governor at the head of each state. 14. States enjoy independence, in tHeir domestic affairs, including financial matters. 15. However state laws and actions of state authorities must not conflict with the Constitution of the USA.

Comprehension questions

1. Who is the head of the state?

2. Where are all legislative powers vested?

3. How are the senators elected?

4. What role does the Supreme Court play in the US political system?

5. Who stand at the head of each state?

Контрольна робота 2

Варіант 4 (Т-Ч)

1. Перекладіть наступні речення з різними формами порівння.

1. At the Intercontinental I paid the same price for a single room, as my colleague did at the Ritz.

2. Kate works reasonably hard but she used to ' work much harder.

3. The more we know about nature, the more control we get over it.

2. Заповніть пропуски

1. My flat is ... large ... my friend's.

2 The strong wind made the air colder ... usual.

3 The weather today is much better ... it was yesterday.

4. Her eyes are ... dark ... her mother's.

5. She looked ... she did yesterday.

3. Заповніть пропуски

1. You can buy stamps at ... post office.

2. I got the book without ... difficulty.

3. ... man has his faults.

4.. Дайте відповіді, вживаючи наданні слова

1. Are students busy during an examination session? practi­cal tests

2. Do you think Brest is a beautiful city? exams trees, flowers

5. Підкресліть правильне слово.

1. He had (many/few) books at home so he had to go to the library.

2. I'd like to say (many/a few) words about my journey.

3. There was (much/little) water in the river, and they decided to cross it.

6. Запишіть речення в пасивному стані, перекладіть.

1. An uneasy silence succeeded the shot.

2. The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle's will.

3. Students are doing a lot of work.

7. Запишіть речення в активному стані

1. These TV sets are made by a Japanese firm.

2. My house was searched and a number of stolen articles were found.

3. His house was broken into and a lot of things were stolen.

8 Поставте дієслова в пасивному стані..

1. The bridge (to reconstruct) by tomorrow morning.

2. Her son (not to see) for the last 24 hours

9. Перекладіть речення.

1. He was sure that I should come on time.

2. They said that it had been raining from five till six.

3. She said that she couldn't give me this book be­cause she had promised to return it to the library.

10. Перетворіть присудок головного речення в Past Indefinite і зробить необхідні зміни в підрядному реченні .

1. He says he will finish the translation tonight if he has time.

2. The secretary says that Mr. Brown is speaking on the other phone.

3. Everybody knows that he is a man of wide experience.

11. Вставте у речення дієслова з дужок у потрібному часі

1. I knew that you (to be) ill.

2. We didn't know that you (to wait) for us so long.

3. We were told that we (to catch) the rain if we (to hurry)

12 Перетворіть пряму мову на непряму.:

а) розповідне речення

1. Mother said to her son, «A computer will be bought for your birthday. « to complain

2. They said to me, «She is always making terrible mistakes. « to remark

б) загальне питання:

1 «Has she always been a devoted friend to you?« I said. to want to know

в) спеціальне питання

1. He said to them, «How long have you stayed in New York?« to wonder

г) спонукальні речення:

1. «Don't argue with her, « I said. to advise

13 Перетворіть на пряму мову..

1. Martin asked if anyone wanted tickets for the football match.

2. Our teacher asked the students why they were not taking the exams.

3. He told us to have our passports ready.

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Ukraine (state system)

1. We live in Ukraine. 2. Ukraine is a sovereign state. 3. The independence of Ukraine was proclaimed on the 24-th of August 1991. 4. Its sovereignty is now recognized by all the countries of the world. 5. Ukraine has its own state symbols. Constitution, currency and government. 6. According to the Constitution of Ukraine its territory is one and indivisible. 7. Only the laws of Ukraine act on its territory. 8. The power in the country, is divided into legislative, executive and judiciary. 9. The main legislative body of Ukraine is Verhovna Rada, 10. The elections to Verhovna Rada are held every 4 years on the last week of March. 11. The deputees are elected by equal, secret or direct ballot, 12. The executive power belongs to the government, headed by the prime-minister. 13. The President represent the state in the international relation. 15. He can veto any decision of Verhovna Rada. 16. The President is also the commander-in-chief of al! armed forces of Ukraine. 17. The Judiciary power belongs to the Constitutional court and regional courts. 18. The state symbols of Ukraine are the national flag and emblem. They root deeply in ancient times and have symbolic meaning. 19. Azure-yellow state flag symbolized the unity of blue sky and yellow wheat field. 20. The little state emblem - trident - appeared first on the seals in times of Vladimir the Great.

Comprehension questions

1. When was the independence of Ukraine proclaimed?

2. What branches is the power divided into?

3. What are the presidential duties?

4. Whom does the Judiciary power belong to?

5. What are the state symbols of Ukraine?

6. What does our flag symbolize?

7. How many administrative districts are there in Ukraine?

8. What are the largest parties of Ukraine?

Контрольна робота 2

Варіант 5 (Ш-Я)

1. Перекладіть наступні речення з різними формами порівння.

1. The better we know the grammar rules, the fewer mistakes we make.

2. My sister speaks English far better than I do.

3. This encyclopedia costs twice as much as the other one.

2. Заповніть пропуски

1. The river is half... wide ... it is in our part of the country.

2 The car is … mine

3. The lake we have just crossed is four times ...deep … the one we crossed yesterday.

4. Teenage fashions are ... all over the world.

3. Заповніть пропуски

1. If you have got ... photographs of your group, I'll be pleased to look at them.

2. ... student could do this test. It's very easy.

3. Could you lend me ... money? — I'm afraid I have ... money on me.

4. I don't think there are ... questions left.

4. Дайте відповіді, вживаючи наданні слова

1. Is it healthy to live in big cities? smog, fresh air places

2. Would you like to visit Australia? of interest

3. Do you need any English textbooks? borrow books from the library

5. Підкресліть правильне слово

1. My friend knows German (a little/little) and she can help you with this translation.

2. There are very (few/a few) old houses left in our street.

3. If you have (little/a little) spare time, look through this issue of the magazine.

6. Запишіть речення в пасивному стані, перекладіть.

1. We shall not admit children under sixteen.

2. He was delivering the documents to the depart­ment.

3. Everybody is listening to the lecturer with great attention.

4. The senior students laughed at the freshman.

5. They sent for Jim and told him to prepare a report.

7. Запишіть речення в активному стані

1. My keys were returned to me, they had been picked up in the street.

2. Hurry up! We are being followed.

3. Smoking is not allowed here.

8 Поставте дієслова в пасивному стані..

1. The letter and the parcel (to post) tomorrow.

2. The problem (to study) for three years, but they haven't got any results.

3. A police car came when the injured man (to carry) off the road.

9. Перекладіть речення.

1. They promised that they would have published my report by the end of the week.

2. I knew that he would refuse to help me.

3. I found out that my friends were sitting in the reading-hall and studying Roman Law.

4. She refused to go to the theatre because she would have an exam in a few days.

10. Перетворіть присудок головного речення в Past Indefinite і зробить необхідні зміни в підрядному реченні .

1. Peter says that he attended Professor N's lecture yesterday.

2. They hope that their team will not lose the game.

3. We know that the Browns are staying with their friends in California.

11. Вставте у речення дієслова з дужок у потрібному часі.

1. The passengers were afraid that the rain (not to arrive) on time.

2. He said that he (not to consult) the lawyer yet.

12. Перетворіть пряму мову на непряму:

а) розповідне речення::

1 Bill said, «I've missed my train. Now I'll be late for work and my boss will be furious.« to remark

б) загальне питання:

1. «Will you return next month?« she said to me. to ask

2. «Has the man been taken to prison?« he said. to want to know

в) спеціальне питання

1. He said, «Who is playing the piano so well?« to be interested

to know

г) спонукальні речення:

1 «Put down that gun. It's loaded, « she warned. to advise

13. Перетворіть на пряму мову..

1. I asked my friend if he often went abroad.

2. The guard told him not to worry and go home quietly.

3. She answered that her brother was playing chess with his father.

4. I asked him if he thought it would be necessary to get through the customs.

14.Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад

Family Law

Family Law denotes the conceptions of marriage and family. It settles the order and conditions of getting married and stopping of the marriage, regulates personal and estate relations between the husband and the wife, the parents and the children other members of family. The maim document in the family law in the Code about marriage and family of Ukraine. It consists of 6chapters and 203 articles. especially it deals with the rights and the duties of parents and children to each other. Some articles speak about the rules of guardianship (adoption) in Ukraine.

MARRIAGE. It is a matrimony of the man and the woman, registered in the state body of civil registration. For the conclusion of marriage is necessary consent of the parties and age of marriage(for men-18, for women-17 of years). Legal obstacles for the marriage : other marriage, family relations, incapacity.

DIVORCE. Can be because of death or during lifetime under the statement of spouses or one of spouses. Divorce is carried out official by in bodies of civil registration or in court. In the case about divorce the court considers motives of divorce, relations of spouses. After divorce the Certificate of divorce stands out.

ADOPTION OR WILL. It is established for education of juvenile children without parents, for protection of their legitimate rights and interests. It is established for children till 14 years, and for under-ages from 14 till 18 years. The trustee can be only the full age legal person. He has the right to bring up children, to care of them, to protect their rights and interests.

Will is order of person (citizen) of his property before death. Should be constituted in writing form with the instruction of a place and time of its drawing up. Also the signature of the legato and the notarial certification is necessary.

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ №3

Для тoro, щоб вірно виконати завдання Ns3_; необхідно засвоїти наступніі розділи курсу англійської мови за рекомендованим посібником пасивнийІ стан дієслова (Passive Voice) наступних видо-часових форм

Present, Past, Future Indefinite ,Present, Past Continuous, Present, Past, Future Perfect

функціі дієслів to be, to have, to do.

небезособові форми дієслова:

інфінгтив в функції підмета, складеної частини присудка, додатка

Відмінність герундія від дієприкметника теперішнього часу

Іпередача наказу та прохання за допомогою дієслова to let.

Контрольна робота 3

Варіант 1 (А-Є)

1 Перекладіть наступні речення.

Don’t depend on him, he is a very unreliable person.

Please don’t be so unreasonable, I can’t do all the work by myself.

Please get on with your work, I didn’t mean to interrupt you.

2. Перетворіть речення на спонукальні

You shouldn’t touch that. It’s very hot. Don’t …

She is very tired. I hope you won’t make her up. Please…

I’ll take your coat. Let…

3. Перекладіть наступні речення..

The castle is one thousand years old

Is it cold today?

I was hungry last night, so I had something to eat.

There will be some interesting programs on TV tomorrow.

4. Дайте стверджувальну або заперечну відповідь.

Vegetables won’t grow here. flowers

He can’t call for you in the morning. I

William has made a good progress in Mathematics. Robert

I hope to see you yesterday. My wife

5. Перекладіть наступні речення..

You must do this important work quickly.

May I ask you to explain the rule once more?

You may take these papers, I don’t need them.

Remember that we are to be at this place not later that eight.

6. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами

a) can/cannot could/couldn't be able to

… you tell me the time, please?

No more for me, thanks. I … eat another thing.

6) must/mustn't have to be to

How old do you think she is? – Oh, she … be in her late fifties I would think

в) have to be able to be allowed to

Last autumn Peter was very ill and he ... (1) go to hospital. When he was in hospital, he ... (2) stay in bed ill the time. He ... (3 not) have any visitors during the first three days. The first week, he felt so awful that he ... (4 not) read or write. When he began to feel better, he ... (5) read a book and look through a few magazines. He wanted to get up, but he still ... (6 not) leave his bed. Mien Sally came to visit him, she ... (7) be very quiet. And she ... (8 not) stay longer that half an hour. A few lays later, he ... (9) get up for a few minutes. After such a long time in bed he ... (10 not) walk far. When Sally came to visit him again, she ... (11 not) be so quiet. Soon he felt much better, and he ... (12) sit in the hospital garden. After three weeks in hospital, he ... (13) go home. He still ... (14) take his medicine three times a day. Soon Peter... (15) go back to work, but he ... (16 not) work at night for the next six weeks.

7. Заповніть пропуски модальними або допоміжними дієсловами.

is are was don't can can't have

have to has to will must should

THE FIRST DAY AT SCHOOL

… (1) you remember your first day at school? It...

(2) probably rather confusing. Now to avoid this confusion

Many primary schools have a special teacher who welcomes new pupils. In England she ... (3) called a reception-class teacher. On the first day it is her responsibility to 'settle' the newcomers. Many people give their children the wrong idea about going to school, ... (4) they? The children ... (5) threatened with the idea of school, and if they ... (6) been good, they ... (7) un­derstand why they ... (8) go to school. They imagine that school is optional.

When the child goes to school, on his first day, he ... (9) watch his mother leaving. Often he thinks that she ... (10) deserting him. The teacher ... (11) convince him that at the end of the day his mother and his home ... (12) still be there. The children are not the only people that ... (13) disturbed by going to school. The teacher sometimes has just as much difficulty in coping with the mothers. They are just as upset as their children. All day they stay at home, wondering what ... (14) happening and how their son or daughter... (15) managing.

The best way to deal with the situation is to get the child used to the idea of school. Before the beginning of term the mother ... (16) take her child to see the teacher and to look round the school. The first day ... (17) be something to look forward to and not to fear. Although the first day is difficult, the mother ... (18) remember that her child ... (19) be encouraged for a whole term at least.

8. Виправте помилки.

You needn’t to worry about meeting me at the station; I’ll get taxi.

Do I ought to phone airport to find out if there might be any delays?

Did you able to find the papers you lost?

9 Перетворіть речення за допомогою наданих слів.

allow to could have to should ought to

be able to can might must

In Japan you are not supposed to eat food as you walk down the street. You…

It was a mistake for me to spend so much money on records. I …

Is it a mistake for me to pay for my ticket now? Do … ?

10. Якою частиною мови є підкреслені слова? Перекладіть наступні речення.

I was conducted round the museum. I disprove of their bad conduct.

Metal contracts when it gents cooler. They signed the contract.

11. а)Утворіть складні слова, перекладіть їх .Від якої частини мови вони утворені?

stomach, ache tooth, brush

girl, friend well, paid

deparment, store retired, person

bad, tempered application, form

step, father self, confident

grand, parent tea, cup

best, man engagement, ring

reading, hall

б) Заповнить пропуски складними словами.

1 Could you buy me a ... at the supermarket?

2 He ate so much that he's got a ... now.

3. Have you met Richard's new ... ?

4. It's difficult these days for a young person to find a ... job.

5. You'll probably have to fill in an ... .

6. A ... is paid a pension.

7. He's a very ... person. I wish he were a bit more easy-going.

8. You have to be quite ... to stand up in front of the audience.

9. Peter has asked Michael to be his ... at the wedding.

10. When her mother remarried, she got on very well with her new ....

11. Despite their age her ... are still very alive.

12. I usually drink tea from the ... .

13. 1 don't like to go shopping to the ... I prefer small shops.

14. As a student, did you often go to the ... ?

15. At the end of the party he gave her an ... .

12.Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад

CIVIL LAW

Civil Law is a body of private law used in those countries in which the legal system is based on ancient Roman law modified by medieval and modern influences. Civil law is used in most nations in Europe and Latin America, as well as in some countries in Asia and Africa. The law of Great Britain, the United States, Canada, and a number of other nations is based on English common law, which differs from civil law in origin and other important respects.

The term civil law is also employed to distinguish those legal codes that deal with civil relationships (such as citizenship, marriage, divorce, and certain contractual arrangements) from other codes such as those dealing with criminal law.

The civil law originated in ancient Rome. One of the principal characteristics of Roman civilization was the development of strong legal institutions. In the 6th century, a commission appointed by the Emperor Justinian collected and consolidated all the sources of law, including the opinions of the great legal scholars during previous centuries. The result was the Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law), also called the Justinian Code, a comprehensive code with the accu­mulated wisdom and experience of many generations of Roman jurists.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the authority of the Corpus Juris began to decline. The stage was then set for the systematic and comprehensive codification of modern civil law. The most influential, although not the first, codification effort was the enactment, during the Napoleonic period, of the five basic codes of France. In the course of the 19th century, most civil-law countries similarly codified the their legal statutes.

Codification of the civil law had several major consequences: (1) After their enactment, the codes constituted comprehensive and authoritative legal texts that superseded all earlier authorities in the teaching of law as well as in legal practice. (2) Within each nation-state, the codes brought about a strong measure of national unification of the law. (3) In their substance, the codes differed from one nation to another. In recent years, however, there were efforts, in the nations of the European Union and elsewhere, to replace certain isolated national laws with international legal practices.

From its origins in continental Europe, the civil law gradually spread to all of the areas in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were colonies of France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, or Portugal. When they gained independence, most of the former colonies continued the civil-law orientation of their legal systems. Civil-law systems were also v-oluntarily adopted in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Turkey.

In a number of countries, moreover, the civil law constitutes an important component of a mixed legal system. For example, in Scotland, South Africa, and Sri Lanka, the legal system combines civil- and common-law elements. In North America the same phenomenon can be observed in the state of Louisiana and in the province of Quebec. The legal systems of many North African and Middle Eastern nations are strongly influenced by the French civil-law codes, even though in some areas of law — especially those relating to the family and to family property — these countries tend to follow Islamic tradition.

Контрольна робота 3

Варіант 2 (Ж-Л)

1. Перекладіть наступні речення....

Do hurry up! We have to be at the station in half an hour!

Before we continue, let's examine the correct answers to this exercise.

Would you tell me how to get to the University?

2. Перетворіть речення на спонукальні

. I think we should go home now. Let...

He'll be in a hurry. You mustn't keep him waiting. Don't...

Can I carry that bag for you? Let...

3. Перекладіть наступні речення

I've got a headache tonight.

What does this sentence mean?

In England the traffic keeps to the left but on the Continent it doesn't.

I don't want to discuss it over the telephone, but I'll tell you about it when I get home.

4 Дайте стверджувальну або заперечну відповідь..

She wasn't late. Kate

I quite agree with you. my friend

Your son won't be tall. your daughter

We are preparing for a test. he

5. Перекладіть наступні речення..

Nobody met me when I came, because I was to arrive by the ten o'clock train, but I couldn't get a ticket for it.

We had to touch upon this question at the conference.

They didn't want to come with us at first, but in the end we were able to persuade them.

6.. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами

a) can/cannot could/couldn't be able to

Who is that outside? It... be the postman, he has already been here.

Mr. Brent is busy this morning, but he ... see you this afternoon.

6) must/mustn't have to be to

Anna's very busy; she ... write three essays this week.

в) have to be able to be allowed to

Last autumn Peter was very ill and he ... (1) go to hospital. When he was in hospital, he ... (2) stay in bed ill the time. He ... (3 not) have any visitors during the first three days. The first week, he felt so awful that he ... (4 not) read or write. When he began to feel better, he ... (5) read a book and look through a few magazines. He wanted to get up, but he still ... (6 not) leave his bed. Mien Sally came to visit him, she ... (7) be very quiet. And she ... (8 not) stay longer that half an hour. A few lays later, he ... (9) get up for a few minutes. After such a long time in bed he ... (10 not) walk far. When Sally came to visit him again, she ... (11 not) be so quiet. Soon he felt much better, and he ... (12) sit in the hospital garden. After three weeks in hospital, he ... (13) go home. He still ... (14) take his medicine three times a day. Soon Peter... (15) go back to work, but he ... (16 not) work at night for the next six weeks.

7. Заповніть пропуски модальними або допоміжними дієсловами

is are was don't can can't have

have to has to will must should

THE FIRST DAY AT SCHOOL

… (1) you remember your first day at school? It...

(2) probably rather confusing. Now to avoid this confusion

Many primary schools have a special teacher who welcomes new pupils. In England she ... (3) called a reception-class teacher. On the first day it is her responsibility to 'settle' the newcomers. Many people give their children the wrong idea about going to school, ... (4) they? The children ... (5) threatened with the idea of school, and if they ... (6) been good, they ... (7) un­derstand why they ... (8) go to school. They imagine that school is optional.

When the child goes to school, on his first day, he ... (9) watch his mother leaving. Often he thinks that she ... (10) deserting him. The teacher ... (11) convince him that at the end of the day his mother and his home ... (12) still be there. The children are not the only people that ... (13) disturbed by going to school. The teacher sometimes has just as much difficulty in coping with the mothers. They are just as upset as their children. All day they stay at home, wondering what ... (14) happening and how their son or daughter... (15) managing.

The best way to deal with the situation is to get the child used to the idea of school. Before the beginning of term the mother ... (16) take her child to see the teacher and to look round the school. The first day ... (17) be something to look forward to and not to fear. Although the first day is difficult, the mother ... (18) remember that her child ... (19) be encouraged for a whole term at least.

8. Виправте помилки.

I couldn't have to show my passport to get a rail ticket.

I could buy my ticket after queuing for five minutes.

You mustn't write anything down unless you want to.

.

9. Перетворіть речення за допомогою наданих слів.

allow to could have to should ought to

be able to can might must

Please tell me how much luggage I am allowed to take on the plane. Can ...?

It isn't possible that her car has been broken down again. Her car...

If you have a reserved seat, it isn't necessary to stand on the train. You ...

10. Якою частиною мови є підкреслені слова? Перекладіть наступні речення.

We exported the goods to the USA. I heard on the news that exports are up again this year.

Bananas are not grown here, they are imported. Imports have risen this month.

He insulted me. That was a terrible insult.

11. а) Утворіть складні слова, перекладіть їх .Від якої частини мови вони утворені?

stomach, ache tooth, brush

girl, friend well, paid

deparment, store retired, person

bad, tempered application, form

step, father self, confident

grand, parent tea, cup

best, man engagement, ring

reading, hall

б) Заповнить пропуски складними словами.

1 Could you buy me a ... at the supermarket?

2 He ate so much that he's got a ... now.

3. Have you met Richard's new ... ?

4. It's difficult these days for a young person to find a ... job.

5. You'll probably have to fill in an ... .

6. A ... is paid a pension.

7. He's a very ... person. I wish he were a bit more easy-going.

8. You have to be quite ... to stand up in front of the audience.

9. Peter has asked Michael to be his ... at the wedding.

10. When her mother remarried, she got on very well with her new ....

11. Despite their age her ... are still very alive.

12. I usually drink tea from the ... .

13. 1 don't like to go shopping to the ... I prefer small shops.

14. As a student, did you often go to the ... ?

15. At the end of the party he gave her an ... .

12..Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад

CIVIL LAW (FAMILY, CONTRACT, INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY)

The civil law covers cases related to family, property, contracts and non-contractual wrongful acts suffered by one person at the hands of another (torts). Family law includes the laws governing marriage, divorce and the welfare of children; the law of property governs ownership, disposal of property on death, etc.; the law of contract regulates, for instance, the sale of goods, loans, partnerships, insurance and guarantees. Civil proceedings are started by the aggrieved person. As a private matter, they can usually be abandoned or ended by settlement between the parties at any time. In many cases, parties to a dispute settle their differences through their lawyers before the trial stage is reached.

Family law is divided into public and private law cases. Public law cases involve local government and other public authorities and include matters such as care of children. Private law cases involve divorce proceedings, etc. Most court cases involving children concern private disputes between parents — often after separation.

Torts include wrongs such as negligence, defamation, etc. if these legal rights have been infringed, a plaintiff can sue for compensation. One of the most important tort actions is that for negligence, when a person fails to live up to an expected standard of care and someone is injured as a result. This can cover physical damage or financial loss.

A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, which is enforceable by law. A valid business contract, for instance, must involve an offer to supply goods or services, consideration (the price to be paid) and acceptance by the purchaser. The offer may be revoked at any time before acceptance but it must be communicated to the purchaser. Accep­tance of an offer must mean agreement entirely with the terms of the offer, and the terms must be sufficiently detailed. In addition, the object of the contract must not be illegal; it is against the law for two people to make a deal between themselves if this involves a criminal offence.

An example of a contract is the purchase of goods in a shop. If the goods purchased turn out to be shoddy, the purchaser can sue the seller in the civil courts usually for damages. Conversely, if the ownership of goods passes to the purchaser and they are not paid for, the seller can sue for the price of goods. Similarly, an employer is bound to pay an employee for work done; if he or she fails to do so, a breach of contract action can take place.

Intellectual property laws reward the creators of original works by preventing others from copying, performing, or distributing those works without permission. They also provide incentives for people to produce scientific and creative works that benefit society at large. Some types of intellectual property are automatically protected by law from the moment of their creation. Other types require a specific grant of rights from a government agency before they may be protected by law. Nearly all nations have laws protecting intellectual property. The principal types of intellectual property are patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Patent law protects inventions that demonstrate tech­nological progress. Copyright law protects a variety of literary and artistic works, including paintings, sculpture, prose, poetry, plays, musical compositions, dances, photographs, motion pictures, radio and television programs, sound recordings, and computer software programs. Trademark law protects words and symbols that serve to id­entify different brands of goods and services in the marketplace.

Intellectual property differs from other forms of property because it is intangible, a product of the human imagination. Because intel­lectual property is intangible, many people may use it simultaneously without conflict. For example, only one person can drive a car at a time, but if an author publishes a book, many people can read the work at the same time. Intellectual property is also much easier to copy than it is to create. It may take many months of work to write a novel or computer program, but with a photocopy machine or a computer others could copy the work in a matter of seconds. Without intellectual property laws, it would be easy to duplicate original works and sell them for very low prices, leaving the original creators without any chance to secure economic rewards for their efforts. The legal system avoids this problem by making it against the law to reproduce various forms of intellectual property without the permission of the creator.

Контрольна робота 3

Варіант 3 (М-С)

1. Перекладіть наступні речення.

Don't forget to switch off the lights when you leave the room.

Go to Britain and you'll be able to speak English all day long.

Do write a letter on behalf of our family to a hotel to reserve accommodation.

2. Перетворіть речення на спонукальні

We could telephone for help. Let...

It's a secret. You mustn't tell anyone. Don't...

You mustn't bother me now. I'm much too busy. Don't ...

3. Перекладіть наступні речення

Please don't touch anything before the police come.

He is still ill but he is getting better slowly.

George has gone to work in Spain.

I thought it would be a good idea to leave early.

4. Дайте стверджувальну або заперечну відповідь..

This train doesn't go to Odessa. that one

He enjoys every play by Chekhov. my father

We shan't see them tonight. I

5. Перекладіть наступні речення

We could have gone to the cinema last night, but we decided to stay at home.

When they buy a car they will be able to visit their friends more often.

A policeman arrived and told him he couldn't Park there.

6 Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами..

a) can/cannot could/couldn't be able to

I told him that he ... leave whenever he wanted to.

б) must/mustn't have to be to

I … wait for an hour for the bus yesterday morning

You be more careful in future.

в) have to be able to be allowed to

Last autumn Peter was very ill and he ... (1) go to hospital. When he was in hospital, he ... (2) stay in bed ill the time. He ... (3 not) have any visitors during the first three days. The first week, he felt so awful that he ... (4 not) read or write. When he began to feel better, he ... (5) read a book and look through a few magazines. He wanted to get up, but he still ... (6 not) leave his bed. Mien Sally came to visit him, she ... (7) be very quiet. And she ... (8 not) stay longer that half an hour. A few lays later, he ... (9) get up for a few minutes. After such a long time in bed he ... (10 not) walk far. When Sally came to visit him again, she ... (11 not) be so quiet. Soon he felt much better, and he ... (12) sit in the hospital garden. After three weeks in hospital, he ... (13) go home. He still ... (14) take his medicine three times a day. Soon Peter... (15) go back to work, but he ... (16 not) work at night for the next six weeks.

7 Заповніть пропуски модальними або допоміжними дієсловами..

is are was don't can can't have

have to has to will must should

THE FIRST DAY AT SCHOOL

… (1) you remember your first day at school? It...

(2) probably rather confusing. Now to avoid this confusion

Many primary schools have a special teacher who welcomes new pupils. In England she ... (3) called a reception-class teacher. On the first day it is her responsibility to 'settle' the newcomers. Many people give their children the wrong idea about going to school, ... (4) they? The children ... (5) threatened with the idea of school, and if they ... (6) been good, they ... (7) un­derstand why they ... (8) go to school. They imagine that school is optional.

When the child goes to school, on his first day, he ... (9) watch his mother leaving. Often he thinks that she ... (10) deserting him. The teacher ... (11) convince him that at the end of the day his mother and his home ... (12) still be there. The children are not the only people that ... (13) disturbed by going to school. The teacher sometimes has just as much difficulty in coping with the mothers. They are just as upset as their children. All day they stay at home, wondering what ... (14) happening and how their son or daughter... (15) managing.

The best way to deal with the situation is to get the child used to the idea of school. Before the beginning of term the mother ... (16) take her child to see the teacher and to look round the school. The first day ... (17) be something to look forward to and not to fear. Although the first day is difficult, the mother ... (18) remember that her child ... (19) be encouraged for a whole term at least.

8. Виправте помилки

I checked the timetable so I can't be wrong about the departure time.

You don't spend as much time as you must on your homework.

May you tell me where I can catch a bus to the railway station?

9. Перетворіть речення за допомогою наданих слів

allow to could have to should ought to

be able to can might must

I'm sure that you made a mistake when you added up the total. You ...

Can you manage to get to the airport at 6.30 a.m.? Will...?

Why did you travel first class? It wasn't neces­sary, you know. You ...

10. Якою частиною мови є підкреслені слова? Перекладіть наступні речення.

I object to being insulted. They are engaged in studying Unidentified Flying Objects.

Your work is not quite perfect. It takes most people a long time to perfect their pronuncia­tion in English.

Smoking is not permitted here. You need a permit to fish in the river.

11. а) Утворіть складні слова, перекладіть їх .Від якої частини мови вони утворені?

stomach, ache tooth, brush

girl, friend well, paid

deparment, store retired, person

bad, tempered application, form

step, father self, confident

grand, parent tea, cup

best, man engagement, ring

reading, hall

б) Заповнить пропуски складними словами.

1 Could you buy me a ... at the supermarket?

2 He ate so much that he's got a ... now.

3. Have you met Richard's new ... ?

4. It's difficult these days for a young person to find a ... job.

5. You'll probably have to fill in an ... .

6. A ... is paid a pension.

7. He's a very ... person. I wish he were a bit more easy-going.

8. You have to be quite ... to stand up in front of the audience.

9. Peter has asked Michael to be his ... at the wedding.

10. When her mother remarried, she got on very well with her new ....

11. Despite their age her ... are still very alive.

12. I usually drink tea from the ... .

13. 1 don't like to go shopping to the ... I prefer small shops.

14. As a student, did you often go to the ... ?

15. At the end of the party he gave her an ... .

12..Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Administrative law is a branch of law regulating the powers, procedures, and acts of public administration. It applies to the orga­nization, powers, duties, and functions of public officials and public agencies of all kinds. Its development has been concurrent with the

modern growth in the functions of government and in bureaucracy and with the parallel expanding need for legal safeguards over the agencies and officials of government.

Of the powers delegated to administrative authorities by modern regulatory statutes, four types may be mentioned: (1) the rulemaking power, or the power to issue general rules and regulations having the force of law for the purpose of filling up the details of statutory policy; (2) the licensing power, or the power to grant or refuse, to renew, and to revoke licenses or permits that may be required by statute for the pursuit of such professions as law and medicine and the conduct of certain forms of business; (3) the investigatory power, or the power to require witnesses to testify and produce books, papers, and records for the purpose of acquiring the information needed for effective regu­lation; and (4) the directing power, or the power to issue, usually after notice and an opportunity to be heard, administrative orders by which a private party is required, in conformity with the governing statute, to do or refrain from doing specified things.

Whatever the public-service and control functions of the admi­nistrative system may be, however, their performance depends upon the conduct of everyday auxiliary operations: the management of personnel, financing, planning, and so on. Accordingly, the law must also establish rules to authorize and govern these auxiliary and managerial operations and the relations that the administrative system is to bear, with respect to these operations, to other parts of the government.

In the broadest sense, the problem of administrative law is an aspect of the central problem of political theory: the reconciliation of autho­rity and liberty. More specifically, the purposes of legal control of public administration are: (1) to establish administrative authorities and enable them to carry out public policies designed to protect the public interest and (2) to safeguard private interests against administrative arbitrariness or excess of power.

It is important to remember, however, that in the larger view each of these interests includes the other as a factor. The public interest includes the welfare of all members of the community, those who are regulated no less than those for whose protection regulation is undertaken. Accordingly, the public interest itself suffers if those who are regulated become victims of administrative oppression. Yet it is equally true that the private interest of those who are regulated includes in the long run the public interest. They

may profit in the short run if the law renders ineffective those administr­ative efforts designed to prevent their exploitation of the public; but by the same token it may render ineffective their protection against forms of exploitation indulged in by others. The aim of administrative law is thus to attain a synthesis of public and private interests in terms of the social and economic circumstances and ideals of the age.

Administrative law has a valuable contribution to make as an inst­rument for controlling the bureaucracy. In social democratic regimes, political control and judicial control of administration are regarded as complementary but distinct. Political control is concerned with ques­tions of policy and the responsibility of the executive for administration and expenditure. Judicial control is concerned with inquiring into particular cases of complaint. Administrative law does not include the control of policy by ministers or the head of state.

One of the principal objects of administrative law is to ensure effi­cient, economical, and just administration. A system of administrative law that impedes or frustrates adrninistration would clearly be bad, and so, too, would be a system that results in injustice to the individual. But to judge whether administrative law helps or hinders effective admin­istration or works in such a way as to deny justice to the individual invo­lves an examination of the ends that public administration is supposed to serve, as well as the means that it employs.

In this connection only the broadest generalities can be attempted. It can be asserted that all states, irrespective of their economic and poli­tical system or of their stage of development, are seeking to achieve a high rate of economic growth and a higher average income per person. They are all pursuing the goals of modernization, urbanization, and industrialization. They are all trying to provide the major social services, especially education and public health, at as high a standard as possible. The level of popular expectation is much higher than in former ages. The government is expected not only to maintain order but also to achieve progress. There is a widespread belief that wise and well-directed government action can abolish poverty, prevent severe unemployment, raise the standard of living of the nation, and bring about rapid social development. People in all countries are far more aware than their forefathers were of the impact of government on their daily lives and of its potential for good and evil.

The growth in the functions of the state is to be found in the more-developed and in the less-developed countries; in both old and new states;

in democratic, authoritarian, and totalitarian regimes. The movement is far from having reached its zenith. With each addition to the functions of the state, additional powers have been acquired by the administrative organs concerned, which may be central ministries, local, provincial, or regional governments, or special agencies created for a particular purpose.

Контрольна робота 3

Варіант 4 (Т-Ч)

1. Перекладіть наступні речення.

Let me know if you're in difficulties and I'll see if I can help you.

Will you buy me a tube of toothpaste at the supermarket?

Let's leave the washing-up till tomorrow.

2. Перетворіть речення на спонукальні

I think we shouldn't talk about that. Don't let...

My tea is not sweet. I want some sugar. Pass .../Will…

You'll be late if you don't hurry up. Do...

3. Перекладіть наступні речення..

«Why have you put on your coat?» — «I'm going for a walk. Will you come with me?» — «Yes, I'd love to.»

He gathered up this evidence in a newspaper and carried it back into the sitting-room where Jennie was sewing.

Do you realize we have known each other for quite a period of time now?

When she went to bed, she remembered that she hadn't locked the door.

You see, I have been doing this kind of thing for the last twenty years.

4. Дайте стверджувальну або заперечну відповідь

I've unpacked my cases. the others

She needn't wait long. you

They will go to the country for the weekend. we

5. Перекладіть наступні речення..

He said that we might use his flat whenever we liked.

There was plenty of time and I didn't have to leave her at once.

He must be trying to find the solution.

If you want to become a good specialist you must study a lot.

The final cup was to be played that afternoon and, of course, I simply had to go, examination or no examination.

6. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами

a) can/cannot could/couldn't be able to

I'll get a car of my own as soon as I ... drive.

6) must/mustn't have to be to

There ... have been at least 10,000 people there.

Sorry, I've got to rush. I ... meet Mother at the station at six sharp.

в) have to be able to be allowed to

Last autumn Peter was very ill and he ... (1) go to hospital. When he was in hospital, he ... (2) stay in bed ill the time. He ... (3 not) have any visitors during the first three days. The first week, he felt so awful that he ... (4 not) read or write. When he began to feel better, he ... (5) read a book and look through a few magazines. He wanted to get up, but he still ... (6 not) leave his bed. Mien Sally came to visit him, she ... (7) be very quiet. And she ... (8 not) stay longer that half an hour. A few lays later, he ... (9) get up for a few minutes. After such a long time in bed he ... (10 not) walk far. When Sally came to visit him again, she ... (11 not) be so quiet. Soon he felt much better, and he ... (12) sit in the hospital garden. After three weeks in hospital, he ... (13) go home. He still ... (14) take his medicine three times a day. Soon Peter... (15) go back to work, but he ... (16 not) work at night for the next six weeks.

7. Заповніть пропуски модальними або допоміжними дієсловами.

is are was don't can can't have

have to has to will must should

THE FIRST DAY AT SCHOOL

… (1) you remember your first day at school? It...

(2) probably rather confusing. Now to avoid this confusion

Many primary schools have a special teacher who welcomes new pupils. In England she ... (3) called a reception-class teacher. On the first day it is her responsibility to 'settle' the newcomers. Many people give their children the wrong idea about going to school, ... (4) they? The children ... (5) threatened with the idea of school, and if they ... (6) been good, they ... (7) un­derstand why they ... (8) go to school. They imagine that school is optional.

When the child goes to school, on his first day, he ... (9) watch his mother leaving. Often he thinks that she ... (10) deserting him. The teacher ... (11) convince him that at the end of the day his mother and his home ... (12) still be there. The children are not the only people that ... (13) disturbed by going to school. The teacher sometimes has just as much difficulty in coping with the mothers. They are just as upset as their children. All day they stay at home, wondering what ... (14) happening and how their son or daughter... (15) managing.

The best way to deal with the situation is to get the child used to the idea of school. Before the beginning of term the mother ... (16) take her child to see the teacher and to look round the school. The first day ... (17) be something to look forward to and not to fear. Although the first day is difficult, the mother ... (18) remember that her child ... (19) be encouraged for a whole term at least.

8. Виправте помилки

You shouldn't to believe all the information that you read in the newspapers.

For most minor crimes people need be made to do community work or something else useful.

You may rely on that lawyer. He won't disap­point you.

9. Перетворіть речення за допомогою наданих слів

allow to could have to should ought to

be able to can might must

The ticket inspector didn't let us go onto the platform. We ...

I think he's broken his leg, but I'm not sure. He ...

I'm pretty sure he was driving far too fast. He ...

10. Якою частиною мови є підкреслені слова? Перекладіть наступні речення.

His work is progressing well. He's made a great progress in English lately.

They protested about the situation. They held a protest meeting.

11. а) Утворіть складні слова, перекладіть їх .Від якої частини мови вони утворені?

stomach, ache tooth, brush

girl, friend well, paid

deparment, store retired, person

bad, tempered application, form

step, father self, confident

grand, parent tea, cup

best, man engagement, ring

reading, hall

б). Заповнить пропуски складними словами

1 Could you buy me a ... at the supermarket?

2 He ate so much that he's got a ... now.

3. Have you met Richard's new ... ?

4. It's difficult these days for a young person to find a ... job.

5. You'll probably have to fill in an ... .

6. A ... is paid a pension.

7. He's a very ... person. I wish he were a bit more easy-going.

8. You have to be quite ... to stand up in front of the audience.

9. Peter has asked Michael to be his ... at the wedding.

10. When her mother remarried, she got on very well with her new ....

11. Despite their age her ... are still very alive.

12. I usually drink tea from the ... .

13. 1 don't like to go shopping to the ... I prefer small shops.

14. As a student, did you often go to the ... ?

15. At the end of the party he gave her an ... .

12..Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад

EMPLOYMENT LAW

Employment law is that part of law which deals with the legal problems arising from the employment relationship. The relationship between employer and employee is based on the contract of emp­loyment. However, with the development of trade unions, employers' organisations and, in particular, state intervention, the subject covers many aspects other than simply the contract of employment.

Traditionally it has been thought that employment law, perhaps more than any branch of law, exists largely to prevent the need for the parties to a dispute to resort to the tribunals or courts. Recent trends have meant increased confrontation in the employment sphere and parties in such disputes seem more willing to resort to legal redress in order to test the legal merits of their actions. The law, therefore, is becoming increasingly important in such areas. The use of practice and procedures, which are based on the legal framework, are obviously s-till important but so is the use of the legal remedy.

Particularly in the past twenty years, employment law has had a growing significance for managers — whether general managers or human resource practitioners. Potentially, it influences and may con­strain action that managers want to take.

A manager advising on the handling of a dismissal, for example, is more likely to produce an effective and lawful outcome if s/he does not focus exclusively on the problem in hand (terminating the employment of an employee who has misbehaved). Remembering the purposes behind the legislation (to provide fair reasons, fair treatment and natural justice and consideration of all the circumstances) is important. Similarly, a recognition of the business context and organisational needs is important.

Likewise, the development of corporate policies is more likely to be effective and well-informed if they are not seen, narrowly, as a series of conditions of employment to be applied mechanistically. For example, when parental leave policies are formulated, an understanding of the social trends against which they are developed is important (e.g. greater economic activity by women, longer working hours, difficulties of reconciling work and non-work life). Furthermore, the social purposes behind this legislation (to promote family-friendly policies and provide a better balance between work and non-work life) should be ack­nowledged to ensure that the corporate policies achieve the statutory objectives. A manager who understands these purposes is better able to defend and argue for policy developments with colleagues.

Broadly speaking, the employment relationship is regulated by voluntary and legal measures. Voluntary measures comprise agreements and other decisions. They also include voluntarily accepted standards of good practice. In practice, these do not exist as isolated sets of measures. They, invariably, interlink and influence each other.

These voluntary and legal mechanisms achieve two broad purposes.

First, at various points, they influence the function of management - i.e. the ways in which managers exercise power, control workforces and manage conflicts of interest. The influence on management can be illustrated in the following way. It is widely accepted that the employment relationship is characterised by an imbalance of power in favour of the employer. Both voluntary and legal regulation can restrain the unfettered exercise of this employer power. Furthermore, the law can establish both minimum conditions of employment and also set limits on the action an employer might take against employees.

The second purpose is to assert certain principles. On the one hand, there are those principles that influence the nature and quality of decisions that are made (for example, fairness, equal treatment, reasonableness, etc.). In addition are those principles, which mould the regulatory process itself— for example, the fundamental importance of consent to the contract of employment, and of procedural fairness in disciplinary cases.

Контрольна робота 3

Варіант 5 (Ш-Я)

1. Перекладіть наступні речення.

Let him not tell the parents about your short­comings.

Don't forget to order the supplies I need.

Let him get one day off per week.

Please fill in this questionnaire.

2. Перетворіть речення на спонукальні

I really need that dictionary. Let .../Will…

The road is too bad. I want you to be careful. Do...

3. Перекладіть наступні речення..

She is going to re-sit for her maths exam next week.

I thought he would tell her that he intended to go abroad.

I couldn't use my car last week, it was being repaired.

Will anyone who saw this accident please phone the nearest police station.

4. Дайте стверджувальну або заперечну відповідь

Nick always follows his teacher's advice. I

You don't remember me. she

We haven't had lunch. the others

Tuesday's concert wasn't very good. Wednesday's

5. Перекладіть наступні речення..

There are two kinds of speeches: there's a speech which a man makes when he has some­thing to say, and the speech when he has to say something.

There are too many accidents. Everyone should be much more careful.

When he went into his room he found it icy cold; he shouldn't have left the windows open.

Your questions surprise me, you ought to know this.

6. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами

a) can/cannot could/couldn't be able to

I'll get a car of my own as soon as I ... drive.

It ... be Simon. I'm sure it was really Joe who did it.

6) must/mustn't have to be to

I know they are only dancing, but they ... make so much noise, surely?

в) have to be able to be allowed to

Last autumn Peter was very ill and he ... (1) go to hospital. When he was in hospital, he ... (2) stay in bed ill the time. He ... (3 not) have any visitors during the first three days. The first week, he felt so awful that he ... (4 not) read or write. When he began to feel better, he ... (5) read a book and look through a few magazines. He wanted to get up, but he still ... (6 not) leave his bed. Mien Sally came to visit him, she ... (7) be very quiet. And she ... (8 not) stay longer that half an hour. A few lays later, he ... (9) get up for a few minutes. After such a long time in bed he ... (10 not) walk far. When Sally came to visit him again, she ... (11 not) be so quiet. Soon he felt much better, and he ... (12) sit in the hospital garden. After three weeks in hospital, he ... (13) go home. He still ... (14) take his medicine three times a day. Soon Peter... (15) go back to work, but he ... (16 not) work at night for the next six weeks.

7. Заповніть пропуски модальними або допоміжними дієсловами.

is are was don't can can't have

have to has to will must should

THE FIRST DAY AT SCHOOL

… (1) you remember your first day at school? It...

(2) probably rather confusing. Now to avoid this confusion

Many primary schools have a special teacher who welcomes new pupils. In England she ... (3) called a reception-class teacher. On the first day it is her responsibility to 'settle' the newcomers. Many people give their children the wrong idea about going to school, ... (4) they? The children ... (5) threatened with the idea of school, and if they ... (6) been good, they ... (7) un­derstand why they ... (8) go to school. They imagine that school is optional.

When the child goes to school, on his first day, he ... (9) watch his mother leaving. Often he thinks that she ... (10) deserting him. The teacher ... (11) convince him that at the end of the day his mother and his home ... (12) still be there. The children are not the only people that ... (13) disturbed by going to school. The teacher sometimes has just as much difficulty in coping with the mothers. They are just as upset as their children. All day they stay at home, wondering what ... (14) happening and how their son or daughter... (15) managing.

The best way to deal with the situation is to get the child used to the idea of school. Before the beginning of term the mother ... (16) take her child to see the teacher and to look round the school. The first day ... (17) be something to look forward to and not to fear. Although the first day is difficult, the mother ... (18) remember that her child ... (19) be encouraged for a whole term at least.

8. Виправте помилки.

He is so charming that many people might to be deceived by his lies.

If you are ill, we need cancel the party.

You are to try and reduce the amount of coffee you drink.

9. Перетворіть речення за допомогою наданих слів.

allow to could have to should ought to

be able to can might must

What will you do to a person who steals money? He ...

You phoned someone yesterday. Who ...?

A dropped cigarette probably started the fire. The fire ...

10. Якою частиною мови є підкреслені слова? Перекладіть наступні речення.

Please listen to the recording. Have you heard their new record?

He is suspected of the crime. He is the main suspect.

11. а) Утворіть складні слова, перекладіть їх .Від якої частини мови вони утворені?

stomach, ache tooth, brush

girl, friend well, paid

deparment, store retired, person

bad, tempered application, form

step, father self, confident

grand, parent tea, cup

best, man engagement, ring

reading, hall

б) Заповнить пропуски складними словами.

1 Could you buy me a ... at the supermarket?

2 He ate so much that he's got a ... now.

3. Have you met Richard's new ... ?

4. It's difficult these days for a young person to find a ... job.

5. You'll probably have to fill in an ... .

6. A ... is paid a pension.

7. He's a very ... person. I wish he were a bit more easy-going.

8. You have to be quite ... to stand up in front of the audience.

9. Peter has asked Michael to be his ... at the wedding.

10. When her mother remarried, she got on very well with her new ....

11. Despite their age her ... are still very alive.

12. I usually drink tea from the ... .

13. 1 don't like to go shopping to the ... I prefer small shops.

14. As a student, did you often go to the ... ?

15. At the end of the party he gave her an ... .

12..Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад

CRIMINAL LAW

Criminal Law is the body of law that defines criminal offences, re­gulates the apprehension, charging, and trial of suspected persons, and fixes punishment for convicted offenders.

The offences that involve criminal law, a part of public law, are those against the state. Criminal law presupposes a rule of law in defining acts as criminal. In other words, however immoral or unjust an act may be thought to be, it is not a crime unless the law says it is one. Under the common law, custom and precedent define criminal action; in coun­tries or states where a legal code exists, statute defines it. Criminal law usually prohibits the trial of a person a second time for the same offence (double jeopardy) and contains statutes of limitations — that is, limits for the period during which charges may be made.

A crime is usually defined as a voluntary act or omission, in conjunction with a given state of mind. Acts committed during fits of epilepsy or while sleepwalking are involuntary and thus do not qualify as crimes. Mental disorders are also widely recognized as limiting responsibility for acts otherwise regarded as criminal. Other factors entering into the determination of criminal intent are self-defense, defense of other persons, protection of property, and enforcement of the law. The law of most countries recognizes that the use of force, while not justifiable, maybe excused if the defendant believed that the use of force was necessitated by special circumstances.

Criminal acts include arson, rape, treason, aggravated assault, theft, burglary, robbery, and murder. Other concerns of criminal law are cons­piracy, a rather broad term that denotes agreement between two or more individuals to commit a crime, and attempt. The definition of attempt varies from one legal system to another, but essentially it is preparation for criminal action that has gone beyond a legally defined point.

Important differences exist between the criminal law of most English-speaking countries and that of other countries. The criminal law of England and the United States derives from the traditional English common law of crimes and has its origins in the judicial decisions embodied in reports of decided cases. England has con­sistently rejected all efforts toward comprehensive legislative co­dification of its criminal law; even now there is no statutory definition of murder in English law. Some Commonwealth countries, however, notably India, have enacted criminal codes that are based on the English common law of crimes.

The criminal law of the United States, derived from the English common law, has been adapted in some respects to American conditions. In the majority of the U.S. states the common law of crimes has been

repealed by legislation. The effect of such statutes is that no person may be tried for any offence that is not specified in the statutory law of the state. But even in these states the common-law principles still exist, for the criminal statutes are often simply codifications of the common law, and their provisions are interpreted by reference to the common law.

In Europe the criminal law of modern times has emerged from various codifications. By far the most important were the two Napoleonic codes of 1808 and 1810. The German codes of 1871 (penal code) and 1877 (procedure) provided the models for other European countries.

In the last few decades the movement for codification and law reform has made considerable progress everywhere.

Modern criminal law has been affected considerably by the social sciences, especially with respect to sentencing, legal research, legis­lation, and rehabilitation.

КОНТРОЛЬНЕ ЗАВДАННЯ № 4

Для того, щоб виконати завдання 4, необхідно засвоїти наступні розділи курсу англійської мови за рекомендованим посібником.

1 Умовні речення

2. Об'єктні та суб^сктні інфінітивні комплекси, залежні та незалежні дієприкметникові звороти.

З Складні форми інфінітива та дієприкметника

Після вичення зазначеного матеріалу приступайте до виконання snpas. Використовуйте зразку виконання вправ

Контрольна робота 4

Варіант 1 (А-Е)

1. Вставте інфінітив із часткою toабо без неї . Перекладіть наступні речення.

1. You may (to join) us if you wish.

2. The granny didn't actually (to see) the child (to take) it.

3. The robber made the teller (to give) him the money.

4. Let her (to do) what she wants (to do).

5. John allowed his daughter (to swim) with her friends.

2. Перекладіть наступні речення .

1. Would you like me to translate this text?

2. He is thought to be the best player.

3. There appears to have been a misunderstanding.

4. I felt somebody touch me lightly on the shoulder.

5. You are supposed to know the laws of your own country.

3. Утворіть необхідну форму герундія Перекладіть наступні речення..

1. Excuse me for (to give) you so much trouble.

2. You never mentioned (to speak) to them on the subject.

3. He was proud of (to award) the prize.

4. I don't remember ever (to see) you.

5. I don't remember (to ask) this question.

4. Вставте інфінітив або герундій.. Перекладіть наступні речення..

1. I admit (to tell/telling) you lies.

2. She likes her children (to go/going) to the dentist every six months.

3. Do you want (to discuss/discussing) the matter?

4. He doesn't allow (to smoke/smoking) in his office.

5. Donna is interested in (to open/opening) a bar.

5. Перетворіть речення та перекладіть їх.

Зразок The book is not interesting. I shall not read it.

If the book were interesting, I should read it.

1. It's awfully hot. We shan't go swimming.

2. It's a nasty day. They won't go down to Minsk.

3. I have a bad headache. I shall not do the translation tonight.

4. It's cold. They won't go for a walk.

5. He has a cold. He won't go out.

6. Утворіть потрібну форму дієслів в умовних реченнях. Перекладіть їх.

1. If it (to rain) this weekend, we (not to be able) to play tennis.

2. Give me Peter's letter. If I (to see) him, I (to give) it to him.

3. I have to work about 80 hours a week, so I'm very busy. But if I I (to have) any spare time,

I (to take up) a sport like golf.

4. If I (to be) taller, I (can) be a policeman, but I'm too short.

5. Please start your meal. If you (not to have) your soup now, it (to go) cold.

7. Підкресліть правильний варіант.. Перекладіть наступні речення.. .

1. A beautiful (angle/angel) adorned their Christmas tree.

2. The rescuers were a welcome (cite/sight/site) for those trapped on the snow-covered

mountain.

3. (Who 's/Whose) supposed to supply the refreshments for tonight's meeting?

4. It is a (costume/custom) in the United States to eat turkey on Thanksgiving day.

5. (Weather/whether) we drive or fly depends on the length of our vacation.

8. Перекладіть слова і словосполучення . Знайдіть в тексті (впр. 9) речення з ними. Перекладіть ці речення.

adjudication, counsel, redress, grievance, litigant

9. Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад. 3-го абзацу текста.

1. Court, also called court of law is a person or body of persons having judicial authority to hear and determine disputes in particular cases, civil, criminal, ecclesiastical, or military. The term «court» also de­notes the chamber, hall, building, or other place where such judicial proceedings take place.

2. The word «court» originally meant simply an enclosed place, and still does in the architectural sense. Judicial tribunals were originally enclosures where the judges sat, while counsel, attorneys, and the general public had to remain on the outside of a bar; hence, the expression «called to the bar» is used to apply to a lawyer newly qualified to practice. At first these enclosures were temporary struc­tures in an open field; later, they became fixtures in a large room or hall, the courtroom.

3. The recognized existence of even primitive courts implies a relatively high degree of social organization and the need for systematic adju­dication of disputes on the basis of established customs and consciously formulated rules of social conduct. Archaeologists and anthropologists have established the existence of courts in simple societies over wide areas of Asia, Africa, and Europe; courts were not as widespread among the Native Americans of North and South America. Primi­tive courts formed part of a complex social structure in which ad­ministrative, judicial, and religious functions were intermingled. These courts were held in the open or in religious temples. More often than not, the judges were priests. Those who attended were considered part of the court, whether or not they had an immediate interest in the proceedings or in the judgments rendered. The proceedings consisted in large part of rituals designed to secure the redress of grievances presented by individuals against other individuals.

4. In the highly developed civilizations of antiquity, notably those of Assyria and Egypt, judicial and executive functions were undifferentiated and were centralized in the monarch as head of state. Insight into the structure and functions of Babylonian courts of the 18th century ВС was obtained when the ancient legal document known as the Code of Hammurabi was discovered early in the 20^th century. A highly developed judicial system existed also among the ancient Hebrews.

5. In the judicial system of ancient Athens, a unique feature, intro­duced by the lawgiver Solon in the 6^th century ВС, was the right of aggrieved litigants to appeal the decisions of magistrates to the people of Athens, assembled as a «public assembly». In later years, these assemblies became courts of first resort presided over by magistrates who prepared cases for trial. These courts subsequently became unwieldy, and they were divided into sections called dicasteries.

6. The evolution of courts in ancient Rome was marked by the development of a complex structure in which criminal, civil and other jurisdictions were differentiated and were exercised by separate courts and officials. Violations of criminal law were prosecuted by the state; higher and lower courts were organized; the right of appeal was juridically guaranteed; and a corps of professional jurists was established for the first time in the history of Mediterranean civilization. After Christianity became the state 1 religion of Rome, the ecclesiastical courts, previously established by Christians who had refused to have recourse to pagan courts, ' became a part of the Roman legal system. As the Roman Empire disintegrated, the ecclesiastical courts survived and assumed jurisdiction over secular affairs.

7. In Europe in the early Middle Ages the judicial functions were not yet separate from the legislative and administrative functions. The king or other ruler, together with his chief councillors, sat in a meeting hall for the exercise of all these functions, and so the household of the ruler was also called «the court». Since all judicial authority was derived from the ruler, his presence was assumed in all the specialized courts.

8. From the 12th century onward the increasing number of university-trained civilians and canonists created a recognized legal profession, and the rise of the legal profession also determined the gradual sepa­ration of judicial from administrative functions.

10. Прочитайте речення та перекладіть їх. Які з них відповідають змісту текста?.

1. The word «court» means a group of people, often with specialist knowledge or skill, who have been brought together in order to ex­amine the causes of crimes.

2. The existence of court implies a relatively high state of a society and the need for consciously formulated rules of social conduct.

3. In the highly developed civilizations of antiquity judicial and execu­tive functions were undifferentiated and were centralized in the monarch as head of state.

4. The evolution of courts in ancient Rome did not touch the undif­ferentiated character of criminal, civil and other jurisdictions.

5. In Europe in the Early Middle Ages the judicial functions were sepa­rated from the legislative and administrative functions.

6. From the 12th century the increasing number of university-trained civilians created a recognized legal profession.

11. Надайте заголовок. Напишіть англійською мовою анотацію до текста (впр 9)

Контрольна робота 4

Варіант 2 (Ж-Л)

1. Вставте інфінітив із часткою toабо без неї . Перекладіть наступні речення.

1. When I was a child I was made (to practice) the piano every day.

2. Jane felt herself (to grow) red to the tips of her toes.

3. That police crew was never known (to retreat).

4. Don't let us (to waste) time. There are a hundred things (to be done).

5. The bank robbers made the cashier (to show) them how (to open) the safe.

2. Перекладіть наступні речення.

1. I happened to be out when he called.

2. What has made her leave us so soon?

3. This small town is known to have once been the capital of the country.

4. His new job was believed to have marked a turning point in his career.

5. I never saw a man pick up this work so fast.

3. Утворіть необхідну форму герундія Перекладіть наступні речення..

1. The boys were punished for (to break) the window.

2. The boy was afraid of (to punish) and hid himself.

3. He was quite serious in (to say) that he was leaving the place for good.

4. She seemed sorry for (to be) rude to me.

5. He confessed to (to forget) that he was to come on Friday.

4. Вставте інфінітив або герундій.. Перекладіть наступні речення..

1. Don't forget (to lock/locking) the door before (to go/going) to bed.

2. Can you remind me (to phone/phoning) Ann tomorrow?

3. I agree if the job won't mean (to move/moving) to another area.

4. He means (to get/getting) at the truth, however long it can take.

5. The boys like (to play/playing) games but hate (to do/doing) lessons.

5. Перетворіть речення та перекладіть їх.

Зразок The book is not interesting. I shall not read it.

If the book were interesting, I should read it.

1. I can't give you a lift because I haven't got a car.

2. We won't have a holiday. We haven't got any money.

3. I don't know the answer, so I can't tell you.

4. There aren't any eggs. I won't make an omelette.

5. We have three children. We won't take a year off and travel round the world.

6. Утворіть потрібну форму дієслів в умовних реченнях. Перекладіть їх.

1. If I (to find) your passport, I (to telephone) you at once.

2. If they ( to want) to get rid of their mistakes, they (to work) more at the language

laboratory.

3. If you (to put) on the kettle, I (to make) the tea.

4. Unless you (to be) more careful, you (to have) an accident.

5. You (to have) so much trouble with your car if you (to have) it serviced regularly.

7. Підкресліть правильний варіант.. Перекладіть наступні речення.. .

1. I have (your/you're) notes here, but I cannot find mine.

2. Pasquale is of French (decent/descent), but his cousin is English.

3. Dr. Hippie will not be coming (to/two/too) the meeting because he has (to/two/too) many

people to grade.

4. Although my mother never eats (desert/dessert), I prefer something sweet.

5. I guess (their/there/they're) not interested because we have not heard from them.

8. Перекладіть слова і словосполучення . Знайдіть в тексті (впр. 9) речення з ними. Перекладіть ці речення.

entrust, rules of procedure, appellate tribunal, legislative courts, courts of general jurisdiction

9. Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад. 2-го абзацу текста.

1. Courts in the United States are the judicial organs of government, comprising two principal systems: the federal courts, referred to as United States courts, and the state courts. The federal courts were provided for in the U.S. Constitution on the theory that the judicial power of the federal government could not be entrusted to the states, many of which were jealous of the powers necessary for a strong national government. The states were left free to establish their own judicial systems subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal courts, and to Article VI of the Constitution declaring the judges of the state courts to be bound by the Constitution and the laws and treaties of the U.S.

2. The Jurisdiction of the federal courts is defined in Article III, Sec­tion 2, of the Constitution, as extending in law and equity to all cases arising under the Constitution and federal legislation; to controversies to which the U.S. shall be a party, including those arising from treaties with other governments; to admiralty and maritime cases; to controversies between states; to controversies be­tween a state, or its citizens, and foreign governments or their sub­jects; and to controversies between the citizens of one state and the citizens of another state. The federal courts were also originally invested with jurisdiction over controversies between the citizens of one state and the government of another state; the 11th Amendment (ratified February 7, 1795), however, removed from federal jurisdic­tion those cases in which the citizens of one state were plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant. The amendment did not disturb the jurisdiction of the federal courts in cases in which a state government is a plaintiff and a citizen of another state — the defendant. Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction in patent and copyright cases; and by congressional enactment in 1898, federal courts were vested with original jurisdiction in bankruptcy cases.

3. The courts established under the powers granted by Article III, Sections 1 and 2, of the Constitution are known as constitutional courts. Judges of constitutional courts are appointed for life by the president with the approval of the Senate. These courts are the district courts, tribunals of general original jurisdiction; the courts of appeals, ехеrcising appellate jurisdiction over the district courts and the Supreme Court. A district court functions in each of the more than 90 federal judicial districts and in the District of Columbia. A court of appeals functions in each of the 11 federal judicial circuits and in the District of Columbia. All lower federal courts operate under uniform rules of procedure promulgated by the Supreme Court.

4. The Supreme Court is the highest appellate tribunal in the country and is a court of original jurisdiction according to the Constitution «in all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a Party».

5. Other federal courts, established by Congress under powers held to be implied on other articles of the Constitution, are called legislative courts. These are the Claims Court, the Court of International Trade, the Tax Court, and the territorial courts established in the federally administered territories of the U.S. The special jurisdictions of these courts are defined by the U.S. Congress. Except in the case of the territorial courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction, the special jurisdictions of these courts are suggested by their titles.

10. Прочитайте речення та перекладіть їх. Які з них відповідають змісту текста?.

1. The states were allowed to establish their own judicial systems subject to the exclusive jurisdictions of the federal courts and to Article VI of the Constitution.

2. Federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction in patent and copyright cases; in 1898 they were vested with original jurisdiction in bank­ruptcy cases.

3. Judges of constitutional courts are appointed for life by the Su­preme Court with the approval of the Senate.

4. A district court functions in each of the more than 90 federal judicial districts and in the District of Columbia.

5. The Claim Court, the Court of International Trade and the Tax Court established by the Senate are called courts of general juris­diction.

11. Надайте заголовок. Напишіть англійською мовою анотацію до текста (впр 9)

Контрольна робота 4

Варіант 3 (М-С)

1. Вставте інфінітив із часткою toабо без неї . Перекладіть наступні речення.

1. I felt the house (to shake) with the explosion.

2. The policeman let the suspect (to make) one phone call.

3. It is up to you (to learn) the laws of your own country.

4. The kidnappers told the parents (not to inform) the police and the parents didn't dare (to

disobey).

5. He was made (to do) his work independently.

2. Перекладіть наступні речення

1. They are supposed to know the principle of law on which the decision is based.

2. She is said to have once been a famous lawyer.

3. How can you expect anyone to think well of us when such things are written about us?

4. She appears to know everything about the English legal system.

5. After a ten-minute wait I watched the train pull out.

3. Утворіть необхідну форму герундія Перекладіть наступні речення..

1. The old man could not stand (to make) fun of.

2. Letters were no use: he had no talent for (to express) himself on paper.

3. After thoroughly (to examine) by the doctor, the young man was admitted to the sports

club.

4. Soon she could not help (to attract) by the fact that she was being looked at.

5. The camera needs (to adjust).

4. Вставте інфінітив або герундій.. Перекладіть наступні речення..

1. I am beginning (to understand/understanding) what you mean.

2. I regret (to inform/informing) you that your application has been refused.

3. I couldn't help (to overhear/overhearing) what you said.

4. People used (to make/making) fire by (to rub/rubbing) two sticks together.

5. Do stop (to talk/talking); I am trying (to finish/finishing) a letter.

5. Перетворіть речення та перекладіть їх.

Зразок The book is not interesting. I shall not read it.

If the book were interesting, I should read it.

1. I'm not very clever, so I won't be a doctor.

2. He spends all his money gambling. He isn't a wealthy man.

3. I haven't got any spare time. I won't learn English.

4. Jim works very hard. He has no time to spend with his family.

5. I've got a headache. I can't go swimming.

6 Утворіть потрібну форму дієслів в умовних реченнях. Перекладіть їх

1. If you (to sleep) under a mosquito net, you (not to be) bitten so often.

2. If yon (to give) my dog a bone, he (to bury) it at once.

3. If he (to live) in St. Petersburg, he (to go) to the Hermitage every week.

4. Your brother (to become) much stronger if he (to take) cold baths I regularly.

5. If you (to come) late, they (not to let) you in.

7. Підкресліть правильний варіант.. Перекладіть наступні речення.. .

1. Doris and Marge are teachers, the (latter/later) works in Putnam.

2. Isaac Asimov's science books are more easily understood (than/ then) most scientists.

3. The fender on Sean's bike came (loose/lose) and had to be tightened.

4. Nobody had any (stationary/stationery), so we had to use notebook paper to write the letter.

5. The hikers had (passed/past) many hours waiting to be rescued.

8. Перекладіть слова і словосполучення . Знайдіть в тексті (впр. 9) речення з ними. Перекладіть ці речення.

enactment, equity, misdemeanor, minor offenses, solicitor general

9. Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад. 2-го абзацу текста.

1. Each state has an independent system of courts operating under the constitution and laws of the state. Broadly speaking, the state courts are based on the English judicial system as it existed in colonial times, but as modified by statutory enactments; the character and names of the courts differ from state to state. The state courts as a whole have general jurisdiction, except in cases in which exclusive jurisdiction has been vested in the federal courts. In cases involving the federal Constitution or federal laws or treaties, the state courts are governed by the decisions of the Supreme Court and their deci­sions are subject to be reviewed by that Court.

2. Cases involving the federal Constitution, federal laws, or treaties may be brought to either the state courts or the federal courts. Ordinary civil suits not involving any of these elements can be brought only to the state courts, except in cases of diversity of citizenship between the parties, when the suit may be brought to a federal court. By act of Congress, however, suits involving federal questions or diversity of citizenship may be brought to the federal courts only when the controversy involves $10,000 or more, so that all such cases involving a smaller amount must be brought to the state courts exclusively. In accordance with a congressional enactment, a suit brought to a state court that could have been brought to a federal court may be removed to the federal court at the option of the defendant.

3. County courts of general original jurisdiction exercise both law and equity jurisdictions in most of the states; a few states maintain the system of separate courts of law and equity inherited from the English judicial system. Most states also maintain separate criminal and civil courts of original jurisdiction. In some states, the same courts of original jurisdiction deal with both civil and criminal cases; these courts usually have two levels, one handling misdemeanors and civil claims under $5000, the other handling felonies and civil claims over $5000.

4. Between the lower courts and the supreme appellate courts, in a number of states, are intermediate appellate courts which, like the federal courts of appeals, provide speedier justice for litigants by disposing of a large number of cases that otherwise would be added to the overcrowded calendars of the higher courts.

5. Courts of last resort, the highest appellate tribunals of the states in criminal and civil cases and in law and equity, are generally called supreme courts. In New York state, however, the Supreme Court is a trial court, the highest appellate court of New York, as well as of Maryland, is called the Court of Appeals.

6. The state court systems also include a number of minor courts with limited jurisdiction. These courts dispose of minor offenses and relatively small civil actions. Included in this classification are police and municipal courts in cities and larger towns and the courts pre­sided over by justices of the peace in rural areas.

7. The Supreme Court, free to draft its own agenda through the discre­tionary control of its docket, harmonises conflicting interpretations of national law and articulates constitutional rights. The Supreme Court is helped at this crucial stage by the solicitor general, who represents the executive branch of government before the High Court. His influence with the justices affects their choice of cases to review.

10 Прочитайте речення та перекладіть їх. Які з них відповідають змісту текста?..

1. The state courts as a whole have general jurisdiction, except in cases in which exclusive jurisdiction has been vested in the federal courts.

2. In cases involving the federal Constitution or federal laws or treaties, the state courts usually make their own decisions and no other courts have the right to review these decisions.

3. Intermediate appellate courts provide speedier justice for litigants by disposing of a large number of cases that otherwise would be delayed by the higher courts.

4. The state court systems also include a number of minor courts, which are free to resolve a great number of cases.

5. The Supreme Court harmonises conflicting interpretations of national law and articulates constitutional rights.

6. The solicitor general's influence with the justice's affects the choice of cases to review.

.

5. Надайте заголовок. Напишіть англійською мовою анотацію до текста (впр 9)

Контрольна робота 4

Варіант 4 (Т-Ч)

1. Вставте інфінітив із часткою toабо без неї . Перекладіть наступні речення.

1. Please let me (to know) your decision as soon as possible.

2. It's better (to be) sure than sorry.

3. He heard a cock (to crow) in a neighboring village.

4. We know all bodies (to consist) of atoms.

5. He was made (to sign) a paper admitting his guilt.

2. Перекладіть наступні речення ..

1. She saw two men start towards her from opposite sides.

2. The minister was reported to have made a speech at Cairo airport.

3. Judges in the lower courts are known to follow the decisions of judges in the higher courts.

4. The inspector ordered the prisoner to be questioned.

5. He never wants anyone to carry anything.

3. Утворіть необхідну форму герундія Перекладіть наступні речення..

1. They accused me of (to mislead) them.

2. She was so eagerly looking forward to (to give) the leading part to play that she was greatly disappointed at not even (to offer) it.

3. She reproached me for not (to keep) my promise.

4. After (to look) through and (to sort) out, the letters were registered and filed.

5. He liked to do things without (to disturb) anyone or (to disturb).

4. . Вставте інфінітив або герундій.. Перекладіть наступні речення..

1. Не promised (to come/coming) on time.

2. The king ordered his followers (to raise/raising) the army.

3. I propose (to set/setting) another date for the meeting. Do you agree?

4. «I suggest (to get/getting) an early night,» I said to my son.

5. Would you mind (to shut/shutting) the window? I hate (to sit/ sitting) in a draught.

5. Перетворіть речення та перекладіть їх.

Зразок The book is not interesting. I shall not read it.

If the book were interesting, I should read it.

1. We haven't got a big house. We can't invite friends to stay.

2. I'm not rich. I don't live in a big house.

3. He works in the evening. He has no time to play with his children.

4. She buys a lot of clothes. She has no money.

5. I go to bed late. In the morning I'm tired.

6. Утворіть потрібну форму дієслів в умовних реченнях. Перекладіть їх. .

1. I (to go) and (to see) him more often if he (to live) on a bus route.

2. What (to happen) if I (to press) this button?

3. She (to be able) to walk faster if her shoes (to have) such high heels.

4. You (not to be) any use to me unless you (to learn) to type.

5. If someone (to ring) my doorbell at 3 a.m., I (to be) very unwilling to open the door.

7. Підкресліть правильний варіант.. Перекладіть наступні речення.. .

1. Lisa had to (quiet/quit/quite) eating apples after the orthodontist put braces on her teeth.

2. After any war, the world desires a lasting (peace/piece).

3. Albert Einstein expressed his (principal/principle) of relativity.

4. Marcia was (quit/quiet/quite) tired after the long walk to class.

5. You must remember to (cite/site/sight) your references when you write a paper.

8. Перекладіть слова і словосполучення . Знайдіть в тексті (впр. 9) речення з ними. Перекладіть ці речення.

indictment, justice of the peace, criminal charge, fraud, law enforcement

9.. Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад. 5-го абзацу текста.

1. The guilt or innocence of persons charged with an offense against the criminal law is a matter to be decided in a court of justice. There are two methods of trying persons accused of criminal offenses. One is by judge and jury in the Crown Court after committal for trial on an indictment; the other is summarily by a magistrates' court without a jury. With very few exceptions, all criminal proceedings in the Crown Court begin in a magistrates' court since an accused in the Crown Court must normally have been committed for trial there by a mag­istrates' court.

2. A magistrates' court is normally composed of two or more justices of the peace, but the number must not exceed seven. Some statutes permit particular offenses to be tried by a single justice but such instances are rare. The normal sittings of a magistrates' court take place in a properly appointed courthouse on appointed days of the week.

3. In England and Wales the initial decision to begin criminal proceedings normally lies with the police. Once the police have brought a criminal charge, the papers are passed to the Crown Prosecution Service which decides whether the case should be accepted for prosecution in the courts or whether the proceedings should be discontinued. In Scot­land public prosecutors (procurators fiscal) decide whether or not to bring proceedings. In Northern Ireland there is a Director of Public Prosecutions. In England and Wales (and exceptionally in Scotland) a private person may institute criminal proceedings. Police may is­sue cautions, and in Scotland the procurator fiscal may warn, instead of prosecuting.

4. In April 1988 the Serious Fraud Office, a government department was established to investigate and prosecute the most serious and complex cases of fraud in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

5. The Crown Prosecution Service was established in England and Wales by the Prosecution of Offenses Act 1985. The Director of Public Prosecutions is the head of the Service, which is responsible for the prosecution of criminal offenses in magistrates' courts and the Crown Court. The Service is divided into 31 areas with a locally based Chief Crown Prosecutor, heading each. He is appointed by the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Service provides lawyers to prosecute cases in the magistrates' courts and briefs barristers to appear in the Crown Court. Although the decision to prosecute is generally delegated to the Chief Crown Prosecutors, some cases are dealt with by the head­quarters of the Service; these include cases of national importance, exceptional difficulty or great public concern and those, which require that suggestions of local influence be avoided. Such cases might include terrorist offenses, breaches of the Official Secrets Act, large-scale conspiracies to import drugs and the prosecution of police officers.

6. Discharging his duties through the Crown Office, the Lord Advocate is responsible for prosecutions in the High Court of Justiciary, sheriff courts and district courts in Scotland. There is no general right of private prosecution; with a few minor exceptions crimes and of­fenses may be prosecuted only by the Lord Advocate or his deputies or by the procurators fiscal, who are the Lord Advocate's local offi­cials. The permanent adviser to the Lord Advocate on prosecution matters is the Crown Agent, who is head of the procurator fiscal service and is assisted in the Crown Office by a staff of legally quali­fied civil servants, all of whom have had experience as deputy procu­rators fiscal. Prosecutions in the High Court are prepared by procurators fiscal and Crown Office officials and prosecuted by the Lord Advocate, the Solicitor-General for Scotland (the Lord Advocate's ministerial deputy) and advocate deputies who are collectively known as Crown Counsel. Crimes prepared and tried before the sheriff and district courts, procurators fiscal prosecute them. The police and other law enforcement agencies investigate crimes and offenses and report to the procurator fiscal, who decides whether or not to prosecute, subject to the directions of Crown Counsel.

10. Прочитайте речення та перекладіть їх. Які з них відповідають змісту текста?.

1. There is a great number of methods of trying persons accused of criminal offenses.

2. Mostly all criminal proceedings in the Crown Court begin in a magistrates' court since an accused in the Crown Court must normally have been committed for trial there by a magistrates' court.

3. The normal sittings of a magistrates' court take place in a properly appointed courthouse on appointed days of the week.

4. In England and Wales the initial decision to begin criminal pro­ceedings normally lies with the court of justice.

5. There is a general right in Scotland of private prosecution; crimes and offenses may be prosecuted in any court of justice.

6. In England, Wales and Scotland a private person may institute criminal proceedings.

11. Надайте заголовок. Напишіть англійською мовою анотацію до текста (впр 9)

Контрольна робота 4

Варіант 5 (Ш-Я)

1. Вставте інфінітив із часткою toабо без неї . Перекладіть наступні речення.

1. I heard the door (to open) and saw a shadow (to move) across the floor.

2. It is better (to put) your money in a bank than (to keep) it under your bed in an old stocking.

3. You may as well (to tell) us the truth. It will be easy (to check) your story.

4. He tried (to make) me (to believe) that he was not guilty.

5. I was afraid (to pick) up the revolver as I don't know how (to handle) firearms.

2. Перекладіть наступні речення .

1. Her cousin was believed to have been living in Sweden since the end of World War I.

2. His father ordered some water to be put on the stove.

3. Mr. Smith is said to have studied Danish and Dutch in his childhood.

4. Which do you wish your son to do, to go into business or to become a lawyer?

5. Her smile was friendly and she made you feel that she was really pleased to see you.

3. Утворіть необхідну форму герундія Перекладіть наступні речення..

1. It's no use (to cry) over spilt milk.

2. He was furious at (to be mistaken) for an escaped convict.

3. He likes (to invite) by his friends.

4. He entered the room without (to notice).

5. Lady Agatha shook her head but couldn't help (to amuse).

4. Вставте інфінітив або герундій.. Перекладіть наступні речення.. .

1. When we arrived, the people next door invited us (to have/having) a drink with them.

2. I enjoy (to visit/visiting) places I've never been to before.

3. Last year we managed (to find/finding) a holiday that suited everyone.

4. His doctor advised him (to give up/giving up) (to jog/jogging).

5. Everyone hopes (to enjoy/enjoying) themselves on holiday, but it isn't always easy.

5. . Перетворіть речення та перекладіть їх.

Зразок The book is not interesting. I shall not read it.

If the book were interesting, I should read it.

1. She hasn't got a watch. She's always late.

2. I'm not attentive. I always make a lot of mistakes.

3. She is not very careful about her diet. She is very stout.

4. He doesn't take any exercise, that's why he is so unhealthy.

5. I live a long way from the centre. I'm always late for work.

6. Утворіть потрібну форму дієслів в умовних реченнях. Перекладіть їх.

1. If I (to come) across two men fighting with knives, I (to call) the police. But this is a very peaceful place.

2. If you (to sit) down, I (to make) enquiries for you.

3. You (to play) better bridge if you (not to talk) so much.

4. Unless they (to leave) a lamp beside that hole in the road, some­body (to fall) into it.

5. If I (to have) heaps of money, I (to drink) champagne with every meal.

7. Підкресліть правильний варіант.. Перекладіть наступні речення.. .

1. I don't know (weather/whether) to be pleased or offended.

2. The carpenters placed the planks at right (angles/angels).

3. (Two/to/too) theories have been proposed to explain that incident.

4. Would you (quite/quiet/quit) your job if you inherited lots of money?

5. (Who 's/whose) your new biology professor?

8. Перекладіть слова і словосполучення . Знайдіть в тексті (впр. 9) речення з ними. Перекладіть ці речення.

criminal trial, innocence, custody, dissentient, corroborated evidence

9. Прочитайте текст і зробить письмовий переклад. 2-го абзацу текста.

1. Criminal trials in the United Kingdom take the form of a contest between the prosecution and the defence. Since the law presumes the innocence of an accused person until guilt has been proved, the prosecution is not granted any advantage, apparent or real, over the defence. A defendant (in Scotland called an accused) has the right to employ a legal adviser and may be granted legal aid from public funds. If remanded in custody, the person may be visited by a legal adviser to ensure a properly prepared defence. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland during the preparation of the case, the pro­secution usually tells the defence of relevant documents which are not proposed to put in evidence and discloses them if asked to do so. The prosecution should also inform the defence of witnesses whose evidence may help the accused and whom the prosecution does not propose to call. The defence or prosecution may suggest that the defendant's mental state renders him or her unfit to be tried. If the jury (or in Scotland, the judge) decides that this is so, the defendant is admitted to a specified hospital.

2. Criminal trials are normally in open court and rules of evidence (concerned with the proof of facts) are rigorously applied. If evidence is improperly admitted, a conviction can be quashed on ap-peal. During the trials the defendant has the right to hear or cross-examine witnesses for the prosecution, normally through a lawyer; to call his or her own witnesses who, if they do not attend voluntarily, may be legally compelled to attend; and to address the court in person or through a lawyer, the defence having the right to the last speech at the trial. The defendant cannot be questioned without consenting to be sworn as a witness in his or her own de­fence. When he or she does testify, cross-examination about character ; or other conduct may be made only in exceptional circumstances; generally the prosecution may not introduce such evidence.

3. In jury trials the judge decides questions of law, sums up the evidence for the jury and instructs it on the relevant law, and discharges the accused or passes sentence. Only the jury decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. In England and Wales, if the jury cannot reach a unanimous verdict, the judge may direct it to bring in a majority verdict provided that, in the normal jury of 12 people, I there are not more than two dissentients. In Scotland, where the jury consists of 15 people, the verdict may be reached by a simple majority, but as a general rule, no person may be convicted without corroborated evidence. If the jury returns a verdict of «not guilty», the prosecution has no right of appeal and the defendant cannot be tried again for the same offence. In the event of a «guilty» verdict, the defendant has a right of appeal to the appropriate court.

4. A jury is completely independent of the judiciary. Any attempt to interfere with a jury once it is sworn in is punishable under the Contempt of Court Act 1981.

5. People between the ages of 18 and 65 whose names appear on the electoral register, with certain exceptions, are liable for jury service and their names are chosen at random. Ineligible persons include the judiciary, priests, people who have within the previous ten years been members of the legal profession, the Lord Chancellor's De­partment, or the police, prison and probation services, and certain sufferers from mental illness.

10. Прочитайте речення та перекладіть їх. Які з них відповідають змісту текста?.

1. A defendant cannot employ a legal adviser and has no public sup­port.

2. The prosecution should inform the defence of witnesses whose evi­dence may help the accused and whom the prosecution does not propose to call.

3. Only the judge decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty.

4. If the jury returns a verdict of «not guilty», the prosecution gets the right of appeal and the defendant may be tried again for the same offence.

5. People between the ages of 18 and 65 whose names appear on the electoral register are liable for jury service.

6. Ineligible persons include the judiciary, priests, people who have within the previous ten years been members of the legal profession, the Lord Chancellor's Department, or the police, prison and proba­tion services, and certain sufferers from mental illness.

11. Надайте заголовок. Напишіть англійською мовою анотацію до текста (впр 9)