IV. Translate the following text: “Coaming”

Coaming is any vertical surface on a ship designed to deflect or prevent entry of water. It usually refers to raised section of deck plating around an opening, such as a hatch. Coamings also provide a frame onto which to fit a hatch cover.

The protective metal sheeting or plating protecting against water entry into ventilator shafts in large ships is called a coaming as it suits this purpose. In these cases the coaming is usually fitted with a gooseneck as required by Title 46 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Further regulations for required coamings are available in 46 CFR. In addition, coaming is the vertical surface rising from a hatch, as in hatch coaming, which forestalls the ingress of water and provides a sealing surface for the hatch cover.

V. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English:

1. Бульбообразный нос можно увидеть только когда судно находится в сухом доке.

2. Суда с бульбообразным носом имеют большую экономичность топлива.

3. Бульбообразный нос используется на таких судах, как грузовые корабли, военно-морские суда и различные пассажирские суда.

4. Большое количество бульбообразных носов – симметричны.

5. Первое судно с бульбообразным носом появилось в США.

VI. Use the following words and word combinations in sentences of your own:

A protruding bulb, below the waterline, to be in drydock, to reduce drag, to have better fuel efficiency, to achieve maximum effect, freighter, to plan over the water, to excite long waves, to be placed below the water, to reduce the vessel’s wake. Form effect, to raise the bow, to produce higher pressure.

VII. Ask as many questions as possible to the following sentences:

1. In 1935 the French super liner Normandie coupled a bulbous bow with a radically redesigned hull shape and was able to achieve speeds in excess of 30 knots.

2. A sharp bow on a conventional hull form would produce waves and low drag like a bulbous bow.

3. Bulbous bows achieve maximum effect at a narrow range of speeds over 6 knots.

4. Ships with bulbous bows generally have 12 to 15 percent better fuel efficiency than similar vessels without them.

5. In the 1920s some nations experimented with bulbous bows with the introduction of the Bremen and Europa, two German North Atlantic Ocean liners.

6. Water flowing over the bulb depresses the ship’s bow and keeps it trimmed better.

7. The effect that pressure distribution has on a surface is known as the form effect.

VIII. Insert the missing word, using the text:

1. A bulbous bow, a feature of many modern … …, is a protruding bulb at … below the waterline.

2. Bulbous bows have … … on large ships such as …, … …, and various passenger ships.

3. … … are faster, so a ship that wants to go fast has to excite … … and not short ones.

4. In heavy seas, … … around the bulb dampens … … like a squiggle keel.

5. The first bulbous bow appeared in … being fitted to the … … which entered service in 1910.

6. The blunt … … also produces higher pressure in a large region in front, making … … start earlier.