Модальные глаголы.

Чтобы успешно применять модальные глаголы, помимо хорошо известных правил их употребления необходимо знать некоторые детали, которые, может быть, не столь часто упоминаются в учебниках и пособиях, однако очень важны для понимания сути и функций модальных глаголов в английском языке.

1. Одно и то же отношение к действию можно передать с помощью разных модальных глаголов. Поэтому, прежде чем использовать модальный глагол, следует оценить, например, “степень” долженствования (требование жесткое, средней степени или более мягкое) или “вид” долженствования (в силу общих норм, обстоятельств, договоренности или моральных норм), степень вероятности протекания события и пр.

2. Практически каждый модальный глагол многозначен. Его значение определяется контекстом высказывания или формой следующего за ним инфинитива.

3. Отрицательная форма, которая для большинства модальных глаголов образуется путем добавления частицы not, часто имеет самостоятельное модальное значение. Например, для выражения высокой степени вероятности протекания события используется глагол must. Если же мы в такой же степени уверены, что событие не может произойти, то употребляется глагол can’t.

4. Следует также иметь в виду словосочетания, выражающие отношение к действию, например: would rather (do), had better (do), it’s high time to do.

Таблица случаев употребления модальных глаголов, их эквивалентов и вспомогательных глаголов в модальном значении.

Значение глагола	Форма глагола в настоящем (будущем) времени	Форма глагола в прошедшем времени
1.Должествование, обязанность, необходимость а. Сильная степень b.Более слабая степень, совет c. По расписанию или по договоренности 2. Запрет 3. Отсутствие необходимости. 4. Способность 5. Разрешение, позволение 6. Вероятность событий a. Абсолютная уверенность b. Наиболее логичная интерпретация ситуации на основе имеющихся фактов, несколько менее определенная, чем в предыдущем случае. c. Обоснованное ожидание того, что что-то случиться при условии, что все произойдет по плану. d. Невысокая вероятность события. e. Еще меньшая уверенность в предположении. 7. Просьба. 8. Предложение. 9. Намерение, неизбежность 10. Упрек.	Must (в случае личной необходимости что-либо сделать): I must work harder. Have to (в силу общих норм и правил): To become Doctor of Science every post graduate has to defend his thesis. Should, shouldn’t, ought to, (had better): You should avoid doing some things contradicting common sense. Is (am, are) to: The train is to arrive at 7 a.m. If we are to profit we have to develop our own ways to succeed. Mustn’t, can’t: You mustn’t tell somebody the news. It’s a secret. You can’t smoke here. It’s not allowed. Don’t have to, needn’t: Students don’t have to learn any tables by heart. They have to be able to find necessary information there. I needn’t go out tonight. Can, can’t: She can read English quickly but she can’t speak English fluently. Can, may, could: When you’ve finished you can go home. May I ask you a question? Could I use your dictionary for a moment? Will, won’t: Is that the phone? It’ll be John. He said he’d ring around now. Don’t take the cake out of the oven. It won’t be ready yet. Must, can’t, couldn’t: You must be joking. I don’t believe you. She can’t be well today. She had a sore throat and high temperature yesterday. Should, shouldn’t: We should be moving into our new house soon (as long as all the arrangements go smoothly). This homework shouldn’t take you too long (if you ‘ve understood what you have to do) May, may not: We may go to Greece for our holidays, but we may not have enough money to go abroad this summer. Might, might not, could: You could (might) be right but I doubt it. The American film could be worth seeing but it might not be admirable. Could, can, would, will: Can you lend me 5 pounds until tomorrow? Will you give me a lift? Could (would) you explain this rule for me? Will, shall: - What shall I do for you? - I want someone to do a lot of typing for me. - Will I do? Will, won’t: I’ll pay back tomorrow. The car won’t start. Might, could: He could be more industrious. You might at least offer her help.	Had to: I had to work hard to pass the 1st Certificate English exam. Why did you have to re-sit your exam in economics? Should, ought to + have done: You should have listened to my advice. Was (were) to: He was to come but he failed. --- Didn’t have to, needn’t + have done: There is no queue in the bank this morning so I didn’t have to wait. Needn’t + have done (действие было совершено, хотя в этом не было необходимости): You needn’t have bought the book. We have got enough copies in the library. Didn’t need to (do) (действие не было необходимым, но мы не знаем, было оно фактически совершено или нет): I didn’t need to do any shopping because I was invited to a dinner that night. Could: She could play the piano when she was three. Was (were) able to, managed to (для выражения того, что однажды удалось в прошлом): A.S.Griboedov was able to enter Moscow University when he was 13. Was (were) allowed to: I was allowed to do whatever I wanted when I was young. Will (would), won’t (wouldn’t) + have done: You say you stayed in a hotel near the lake? That would have been my parent’s hotel! What a coincidence! It won’t have been Peter you met at the party last night. He was ill in bed. Must, can’t + have done: He must have got lost. He can’t have known the way. Should + have done: Where’s Henry? He should have been here ages ago! May, may not + have done: Where is Ann? She may have overslept. Might, might not, could + have done: She might have decided not to come. She might not have forgotten. --- --- Wouldn’t: He was angry because she wouldn’t lend him any money. Could (might) + have done: You could (might) have done it yesterday. He could not (might not) have sent this cable.

Обратите внимание на категоричность запрета, выражаемую mustn’t и отсутствие необходимости совершать какое-либо действие, выражаемое needn’t и don’t have to.

Упр.23. Выберите правильный вариант модального глагола. (Иногда ответов больше одного)

1. The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody ... .

A was able to escape B managed to escape C could escape

2. The phone is ringing. It ... be Tom.

A might B can C could

3. Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You ...with Barbara.

A can stay B could stay C could have stayed

4. I’ve lost one of my gloves. I ... it somewhere.

A must drop B must have dropped C must be dropping

D must have been dropping

5. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It ... rain later.

A may B might C can D could

6. What was wrong with you? Why ... go to hospital?

A had you to B did you have to C must you

7. There’s plenty of time. You ... hurry.

A don’t have to B mustn’t C needn’t

8. It was a great party last night. You ... come. Why didn’t you?

A must have B should have C ought to have D had to

8. I think all drivers... seat belts.

A should wear B had better wear C had better to wear

Упр.24. Выберите один из четырех вариантов, который, по вашему мнению, грамматически соответствует ситуации.

a. The author ... extremely ambitious indicating only desirable targets instead of attainable ones.

A must have been B ought to have been C should have been D was to have been

2. The company is considering whether any new products ... to the line for sale in foreign countries.

A need to be added B should be adding C need add D ought to add

3. Price restrictions ... prevent firms from using the strategies they consider optimal in achieving their ends.

A may B should C must D ought to

d. If you have a high blood pressure, you ... stop eating salt and go on a saltless diet.

A had better B are better C need better D may better

6. You ... go out without coat.

A are better not B were better not C better not D had better not

7. “When ... we ... expect you?”

“Soon after half past five.”

A are ... to B must ... ... C do ... have to D need ...

8. Don’t contradict her. You ... respect her old age.

A are to B have to C should D ought to

1. All the samples of new products must be ready by Friday because the exhibition... on Saturday.

A is to open B has to open C should be open D should open

10. Travelers ... their reservations well in advance if they want to fly during the Christmas holidays.

A had better to get B had to get better C had better get D had better got

11. Thanks to a letter of credit the importer is able to buy without ... in advance.

A having to pay B having paid C have paid D have to pay

12. Because of variety of developing countries participated in OPEC, their potential impact ... no longer ... .

A had ... ignored B could ... be ignored C had ... to be ignored

D should ... have been ignored

13. “I am going to visit Ann.”

“You ... to telephone her first”

A ought B might C should D must

14. The Ford theatre where Lincoln was shot ... .

A must restore B must be restoring C must have been restored

D must restored

15. If we ... succeed, we need to change the structure of our company.

A have to B must C should D are to

16. No two corporations have the same name. For example, if the company’s name is Maxwell Manufacturing, no other company ... under that name.

A must get incorporated B should become incorporated

C need be incorporated D may incorporate

17. If you have a credit card you ... carry a lot of cash with you.

A must not B do not have to C have not D might not

17. This rule … here. It’s an exception.

A doesn’t apply B is not apply C shall not be applied

D must not have been applied