Instruments

Materials

Actions

syringe

needle

clamp

suturing material

suture

stitch

ketgut

probe

excavator

dental forceps

reamer

retractor

fogless mirror

gauze drain

dressing material

bandage

spittoon

pad of cotton

wool (soaked with) gauze

Расскажите:

а) о хирургических инструментах

б) материалах и растворах, применяемых в стомат. хирургич. практике

в) действия хирурга

г) типах ранения и травм, используя следующие глаголы и конструкции: to use, to apply, to make, to do.

Additional reader for stomatologists.

Some facts from the history of a toothache.

40 years ago during excavations Egypt scientists found three human teeth, connected by a gold wire. That was the first gold bridge, made by an unknown master more that 4500 years ago.

The first mention of our toothbrush in Europe dates from the second half of the XV century. If first appeared in England. Before that Englishmen washed mouths by a special water which, as it was mentioned in the treatises of those years, "influences favorably the mind of a man and stabilized his respiration".

ammonium chloride

atropine

alcohol

hydrogen peroxide

anesthetic

pain-killing

tonic

sedative

inducing

pricking

making an injection

painting with iodine

rinsing (sponging) with alcohol or ether

pulling out

extracting

taking out

using

inducing a drug

opening

an abscess (a wound)

removing remnants (debris)

cleaning out

examining

drainaging

suturing the wound

applying stitches

Since those times a toothbrush has not constructed a new toothbrush in the handle of which has been made a canal for water and air under pressure. Oxygenated water massages the gums, improves blood circulation and refreshes the mouth cavity. This tiny compressor is feeded by a portable electric battery.

According to the Austrian statistics only 10 percent of the population in Austria regularly visit stomatologists for the prophylactic cheek ups. The main reason of such rare visits is fear of stomatological procedures. It is interesting that women come to these examinations more often that men. But it does not mean that they are more courageous.

Simply women take care of their appearance.

TASKS:

1. Разделить текст на составные части, озаглавьте каждую часть.

2. Выделить основную мысль каждой части.

1. Найдите английские эквиваленты русским словам и выражениям: Упоминания о зубной щётке; полоскать рот; благоприятно действует; портативная электробатарейка; профилактический осмотр; в среднем; заботиться.

3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. When was the first toothbridge made?

2. From what period does the First mention of a toothbrush date?

3. Did Englishmen brush their teeth before XV century?

4. What did the treatises of those years say about the teeth cleaning?

5) What is the difference between a conventional toothbrush and the newly invented Japanese one?

6. Why do men in Austria visit dentists rarer than women?

7. Why do most of the women take care of their teeth?

China.

Of many legendary personages associated with the early history of China, the name of Shen Nung (3.700 В. С.) stands first. The Chinese ascribe him the introduction of plants and herbs. He is popularly called "the Father of Medicine". The study of medicine in China is of very old standing. The ancient Chinese as in other ancient countries of the Orient, such as Babylonia, regarded dental decay as being due to dental worms. Dental worms, they thought, were tiny worms of whitish color, having black heads and they could be seen at the time of examination of a tooth and were easily put to death by means of an infectant. If a particular tooth, infested by the worms, is left untreated, the worms will inhabit the other teeth and cause decay.

The ancient Chinese knew the use of arsenic acid to cure dental diseases. There is little literature dealing with the ancient medicine in China, but odontalgia is described well. The classification of it is given in terms of the , pathogenic,

purgative, mouth-wash and massage which are the chief means applied for the cure of this disease.

The urine of pre-public children was considered to be good remedy for a mouthwash. It is interesting to note that this Chinese custom was used in ancient Rome among the women of nobility class. The ancient Chinese could prepare the pills for a toothache. Those pills were made of grated garlic and salt-peter among other minor ingredients. The pills were prescribed to be inserted in the right ear when dental pain was on left side of the face and in the left ear when a pain was on the right one. Some powder was made of this pill to be used for inhalation. The men had to use the left nostril for inhalation, the women had to use the right one. The powdered bones of mice were adequately used for this purpose. An extraction of teeth was very seldom made, only in case when loosening of teeth gave no prospect of restoration.

A cautery by means of moxibustion had developed in China from early times in case of severe toothache.

As for the means of oral cleansing, slender toothpicks, made of some metal material (silver being preferred) were popular. They were also used for ornament purposes worn by the women of high social classes as part of neck-wears. The use of tongue scrapers came to ancient China from ancient India.