Means of Restoration:

I. Approximation. Approximation is not a means of restoration of lost tissue. It is a means of restoration of lost function. In case of bone loss it is possible to approximate the fractured surfaces. But the restoration of the normal anatomy is not always essential to the restoration of full function.

II. Bone Graft. A loss of bony tissue in the mandible can be restored by the implantation of bone from another part of the body. In this way it is possible to restore the bony loss even where it is quite extensive.

3. Prosthesis. If it is impossible to treat a loss of tissues by the above methods, the dentists make prosthesis. Approximation or bone - grafting is difficult to the upper jaw and it always requires a prosthesis. In certain cases a prosthesis is the best compromise in the mandible, as well.

4. Epithelial Inlay. Strictly speaking, the epithelial inlay alone is not a means of restoring anything but in a combination with prosthesis it has many uses.

Combinations. The various methods may have to be used in a combination of one with the other, as, for example, in the treatment of bone loss of the mandible in the symphysis region. Approximation is used to restore a solid functional mandible and a prosthesis, in combination with an epithelial inlay of a cavity, used to restore the shape of the soft tissues of the chin.

Choice of Method.

The restoration of lost tissues is much more difficult and lengthy procedure than the treatment of even most severe injuries without great loss of tissue.

In case of extensive loss of both hard and soft tissues, the treatment may extend over years. Every patient must have that treatment which gives perfection of form and function to him.

Notes.

to a large extent - в большей степени

in this way - таким образом

above methods - вышеназванные методы

strictly speaking - строго говоря

both hard and soft - как твёрдый, так и мягкий

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into English using the Objective Infinitive Construction:

1. Я никогда не слышал: как вы говорите по-английски; как он читает лекции; как этот больной кашляет; чтобы этот больной жаловался.

2. Видели ли вы когда-нибудь: как хирург зашивает рану послойно; как анестезиолог даёт наркоз? как хирург делает разрез по средней линии живота? как сестра стерилизует инструменты? Как хирурги обрабатывают руки перед операцией?

3. Врач попросил: больного раздеться до пояса; сестру измерить кровяное давление больному; больного проглотить таблетку; его держать термометр под мышкой 10 минут; нас перелить кровь больному;

4. Мне хотелось: чтобы врач сделал мне операцию сегодня; чтобы больному дали общий наркоз; Чтобы они подтвердили наш диагноз.

5. Мы не ожидали: что он выздоровеет так скоро; что она будет прикована к постели так надолго; что ваш сын заболеет ветряной оспой; что боль распространиться в загрудинную область.

6. Я хочу: чтобы врач проверил мне зрение; чтобы сестра перевязала мне руку; чтобы ты купил пипетку в отделе ручной продажи; чтобы меня выписали из больницы как можно скорее.

Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Pay special attention to the translation of Infinitives:

1. A turbid exudates to be cleansed from the abdominal cavity was the result of peritonitis. 2. All the data of the patient's family history to be analyzed by the doctor will help him to administer a proper treatment. 3. The famous Russian surgeon Pirogov was the first to operate on the intestines in cases of bullet wounds.

4. The fluid to be evacuated in case of pleurisy must be examined in the laboratory.

5. The findings of the experiment to be applied in practice had been properly checked. 6. My fellow student was the last to take the examination in Infectious Diseases. 7. The surgical nurse handed the surgeon a scalpel to make a gum incision with. 8. The therapeutist prescribed to me the medicine to be taken a table- spoonful three times a day. 9. Professor Kupriyanov was the first to apply hypothermia in heart surgery.

Ex. 6. Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Nominative Infinitive Construction.

MODEL:

It is said that the rash is often associated with itching.

The rush is said to be often associated with itching.

1. It seems that the patient has become rather alert after these procedures. 2. It appears that the initial diagnosis will be confirmed by laboratory analyses. 3. It is likely that the gingivae recessmend will not be found. 4. It is expected that the patient's family history will supply all the data regarding his health. 5. It was reported that

the onset of the last attack of dental pain had been associated gross caries. 6. It was known that the patient had not been operated on before. 7. It was considered that the urinalysis confirmed a serious kidney trouble. 8. It is certain that the doctor examines the inner organs carefully to be sure of his diagnosis. 9. It is likely that the patient will calm down after the injection of a sedative. 10. It is well known that cod liver oil is an effective remedy in the treatment of rickets (рахит). 11. It was proved that cold rubdowns had produced a marked effect on his health.

Ex. 7. Translate into English, using the Nominative and Infinitive Constructions.

1.Неправильный прикус, оказывается, отличает одного человека от другого и зависит от строения черепа. 2. В большинстве случаев поперечный перелом корня зуба, как оказывается, не сокращает (to shorten) функцию зуба. 3.Это действие (effect), оказывается, тесно связано с продолжительностью и интенсивностью гингивита. 4.Различные пломбировочные материалы, как оказывается, дают различный эффект. 5.Трубки во вторичном дентине неправильной формы и, как оказывается, кальцифицированы. 6. Большинство стоматологов, кажется, совсем не распознали причин этого заболевания.