Invitation to a Contemporary Physics (2004)

S-duality, 384

T -duality, 383 Ω−, 9

βrays, 28

β-decay, 330, 338 3He, 125

4He, 125

60Co, 28

87Rb, 123, 124, 127–129, 148 CPT theorem, 30

2DES, 157, 165

Abrikosov flux lattice, 103 absorption spectrum, 272 accretion, 309, 311, 322

Eddington limit, 310 adiabatic, 143 algorithm

database search, 212 Deutsch, 206 e cient, 206 factorization, 211 Grover, 212

period finding, 208 quantum, 206 Shor, 211

anomalous X-ray pulsar, 308 anti-Helmholtz coils, 140 antiparticle, 332

asymmetric carbon atom, 22, 23 asymptotic freedom, 361, 364 asymptotic giant branch, 290 atom

laser, 124, 147–149 optics, 147

attractor chaotic, 250

Lorenz, 253, 255, 256

strange, 249, 250, 253, 255, 257, 262, 263, 265, 266

ballistic propagation, 161, 164 band-structure engineering, 162 baryogenesis, 405

baryon, 332

BCS theory, 111, 112 beats, 54

BEC, 123, 144 Beluzov–Zhabotinsky reaction, 251 Bethe, Hans, 281

Big Bang, 15, 392

Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), 408 binding energy

gravitational, 309 nuclear, 278, 301

biomaterials, 187

biomimetic approach, 155, 188 biomotor, 188

biosensor, 188 biperiodic torus, 257 bit, 183, 197

black dwarf, 299

black hole, 275, 294, 313 area theorem, 319 entropy, 319 ergosphere, 318 evaporation, 321 horizon, 314, 317 irreducible mass, 319 Kerr, 317

no-hair theorem, 317 primordial, 321 Schwarzschild, 313 singularity, 317, 318 static limit, 315, 318 supermassive, 324 temperature, 320 tidal force, 316 trapped surface, 316

black-body radiation, 405, 446 Boltzmann factor, 404 Boltzmann’s constant, 404 Bose

boson, 7, 333 condensate fraction, 125 condensation, 8

statistics, 7, 107, 125, 128 Bose–Einstein condensate, 82, 123, 148 Bose–Einstein condensation, 108, 125,

131, 445

boson stimulation, 146 broadening of spectral lines, 47 brown dwarf, 284

Brownian motion, 137, 232, 233 Buridan’s ass, 34

butterfly e ect, 233, 234

Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix, 367

Cantor dust, 261 set, 262

carbon–nitrogen cycle, 283 CD, 64, 162

Cepheid variables, 270, 389 cgs units, 419 Chandrasekhar, S., 298, 317 chaos, 234, 243, 248

deterministic, 233, 264, 266 encryption, 265

period-doubling route to, 243, 257 quasiperiodic, 264

charge configuration, 7

conjugation, 29, 352 chirality, 20, 352 COBE, 145

coherence, 199, 200, 215 coherence length, 103 color, 332, 350

commensurate, 239, 251 comoving distance, 394 complexity

algorithmic, 234 computational, 232, 234

Compton–Getting e ect, 136 computer

classical, 196 quantum, 185, 199

conductance, 164, 175

confined quantum systems, 155, 157 confinement of quarks, 339, 341, 362 conformal symmetry, 381 conservation laws, 18, 340, 355

angular momentum, 347, 425 energy, 347, 428 momentum, 425

quantum numbers, 346 constants, fundamental, 421 cooling

Doppler, 133, 137 evaporative, 131 laser, 124 Sisyphus, 137, 138

Cooper pairs, 111, 124 cosmic censorship, 317

cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), 411

cosmological constant, 397 Couette flow, 238, 239, 251, 257 Coulomb blockade, 166

critical

current, 104, 105 field, Hc1, Hc2, 104 temperature, 123

critical density, 397 critical temperature, 89 critical universe, 398 Curie temperature, 99 Cygnus X-1, 323

dark energy, 396 dark matter, 398

data storage, 62, 162, 176, 183 Davis, Raymond, 286, 370

de Broglie wavelength, 128–130, 156, 437 Debye frequency, 110

decoherence, 186, 200, 216, 222 decoupling, 413

deep inelastic scattering, 361

degeneracy, 129, 289 electron, 296, 445 neutron, 301 pressure, 290, 297

density of states, 157, 159, 178 Deutsch, D., 206 dextrorotary, 25

diamond, 170 dimension

capacity, 257, 258 correlation, 263, 264 embedding, 260 extrinsic, 260 intrinsic, 260 topological, 257

dimensional analysis, 448 distribution

Bose–Einstein, 445

Fermi–Dirac, 445 Maxwell–Boltzmann, 48, 443 Planck, 446

DNA, 186, 189, 253, 260 dodecahedron, 9

Doppler e ect, 47, 71, 82, 387 limit, 136, 137

shift, 133, 140 DRAM, 183 DVD, 62, 162

dynamics of the universe, 399

ECG, 237

eddy currents, 94, 95 EEG, 237

Einstein, Albert, 41, 313 Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox,

201 electromagnetic

field, 42, 434 radiation, 42 spectrum, 43 wave, 42

emission spectrum, 272 enantiomorphs, 20 encryption

private key, 221 public key, 211 RSA, 211

energy, 426

energy band, 58, 156, 174, 177 subband, 157, 163, 175

entangled state, 201 entropy, 99, 100, 319, 442 equipartition of energy, 404

factorization, 196 Fermi surface, 106 Fermi, Enrico

β-decay theory, 355

energy, 58, 156, 297, 299, 445 fermion, 125, 333

Feynman, Richard, 151 Fiegenbaum constant, 247 first-return map, 250

fixed point, 250, 253, 255, 256 flatness problem, 402 fluorescence, 215

flux

decoration, 103 expulsion, 95, 96 quantization, 97 quantum, 97 tube, 102, 103

force, see interaction, 422, 423 electromagnetic, 335, 337 fundamental, 422 gravitational, 335, 336 range, 340

strong or nuclear, 335, 339 weak, 335, 338, 341

Fourier transform, quantum, 209 fractal

curve, 259 dimension, 259, 260

frame Galilean, 16 inertial, 18

free energy, 99, 442 frequency entrainment, 252

Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe, 394

fullerene, 168 discovery, 168

endohedral metallofullerene, 171 Euler’s theorem, 170

graphitic onion, 171 isolated pentagons, 171

Galileo Galilei, 422

gamma rays, 43, 69, 305, 308, 322 gate

and, 198

controlled-controlled-not (ccn),

205

controlled-u (cu), 204

fanout, 198

hadamad, 203, 204, 207, 209, 210, 214 nand, 198

not, 198 or, 198 swap, 198 toffoli, 205 xor, 198

controlled, 216 quantum, 202

gauge freedom, 32 global, 19

invariance, 32 local, 32

gauge particle, 333 gauge theory

abelian, 355 non-abelian, 355

generation of fermions, 332 globular cluster, 269, 390 gluon, 333

Goldstone modes, 36 GPS, 147

grand unified theory (GUT), 37, 373 graphite, 170, 174

group SO(10), 376 SO(3), 13

SU(2), 13, 349

SU(3), 9, 13, 350 SU(5), 375

SU(n), 347 U(1), 349

Grover, L. K., 195

H´enon map, 250, 253 hadron, 330

hardware system for quantum computer NMR, 218

photons, 218 trapped ions, 216

Hawking, Stephen, 316, 321 heat, 48, 270, 441

helicity, 352

Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 274

hierarchy problem, 378 Higgs boson, 333 Higgs mechanism, 356 holography, 66, 69, 77 horizon problem, 401 horizontal branch, 290 HTSC, 93

Hubble Space Telescope, 296, 387, 391 Hubble’s constant, 387

Hubble’s law, 387 hypercharge, 357 hyperfine, 134, 137

icosahedron, 9 incommensurate, 239, 251 indistinguishability, 7, 35 inflation, theory of, 401 instability

Couette–Taylor, 236

Rayleigh–B´enard, 237 interaction see force, 356

electromagnetic, 31, 37, 277 gravitational, 37, 277, 316 strong, 31, 37, 277

weak, 27, 37, 277 intermediate asymptotics, 261 intermittency, 248

inverse-square law, 336, 337, 341, 344 isospin, 349

isotope e ect, 112 iteration, 245

Josephson tunneling, 114 junction diode, 59

Kaluza–Klein theory, 379

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, 426 Koch snowflake, 261

Lamb shift, 74, 365 laser, 41

amplification, 51 light, see laser light mode locking, 57

population inversion, 50, 84 principles, 50

resonant cavity, 51 tunability, 58

types, see laser types laser cooling, 81, 124

laser light, 52 coherence, 52, 54, 65

monochromaticity, 53, 65 phase, 52

laser scissors, 63 laser tweezers, 63 laser types

blue-light, 162 dye, 57, 76

free-electron (FEL), 85 gas, 56, 83 quantum-cascade, 163 quantum-well, 161 semiconductor (diode), 58 single-atom, 84 solid-state, 55

without inversion (LWI), 84 lepton, 331

lifetime, 131, 134, 137 light, 42, 429

characteristics, 45 coherence, 46 laser, see laser light spectrum, 43, 270

light year, 270 light-emitting diode, 65, 161 light-shift, 138

LIGO, 147, 307 limit cycle, 251

line-width, 47, 52, 135 logistic

equation, 244 map, 243, 249

London penetration depth, 120 Lyapunov exponent, 233, 251, 253

M theory, 385

macroscopic wavefunction, 105 magnetar, 307, 308

magnetic braking, 307 levitation, 96

trapping, 82, 96, 124 magnetism

antiferromagnetism, 177 exchange interaction, 177 ferromagnetism, 177 magnetic domains, 178

magnetoelectronics, see spintronics magnetoresistance, 181, 185

main sequence, 275, 283 maser, 61

mass

W , 359

Z, 359 Dirac, 360 fermion, 359

Majorana, 360 neutrino, 371

mass matrix, 358, 366, 368, 369 matter-dominated era, 395 Maxwell, James Clerk, 42, 433

theory of electromagnetism, 433 MBE (molecular beam epitaxy), 159 Meissner–Ochsenfeld e ect, 95 memories, nonvolatile, 183

memory chip, 183 meson, 332

metastable state, 50, 82 microprocessor, 151 microscopes, 154

scanned probe (SPM), 154 scanning tunneling (STM), 153

Milky Way, 269, 389 Minkowski world, 17, 18 molecular electronics, 176, 189 molecular recognition, 187 monopole problem, 402 MOT, 139

MRAM, 184 multifractal analysis, 262 multiplet, 348

multiplet, isospin, 349

nanolithography, 159 nanostructures, 152, 176

fabrication methods, 154 nanotube, 172, 188

electronic properties, 174 mechanical properties, 174 types, 173

Navier–Stokes, 238, 239 neutrino, 281, 293, 300, 303

mass, 371

mass matrix, 368 oscillation, 287, 370 SNO results, 288 solar, 283, 285 sterile, 358

neutrino decoupling, 407

neutrino temperature, 407 neutron, 330

neutron star, 275, 294 mass limit, 303 properties, 301 rotation, 305 structure, 300 types, 300, 307, 309

Newton, Isaac, 42

law of gravitation, 429 laws of motion, 423, 435

no-cloning theorem, 205 nonlinear

e ects, 74 medium, 75 optics, 74

nonlinear dynamical systems, 264 nuclear

binding energy, 278 fission, 278

fusion, 278, 283 nucleon, 330 numbers

binary, 197 decimal, 197

optical fiber, 64

optical molasses, 136, 139 optoelectronics, 62 optosurgery, 63

oracle, 206, 213 order parameter, 99

Ozma problem, 22, 28, 30

p-brane, 379, 382 pairing, 111 parallax, 270 parity, 352

parity violation, 29 parsec, 270, 389 partons, 361 Pauli, Wolfgang

exclusion principle, 296 Penrose, Roger, 317

tiling, 10

period of a function, 208 period–luminosity relation, 390 periodic orbit, 256

perpetual motion, 89

phase (thermodynamics) transition, 101, 442

phase (wave), 49, 54, 57, 66 conjugation, 76

phase portraits, 250

phase space, 129, 140, 148, 231, 249 photon, 43, 333

absorption, 45 spontaneous emission, 45 stimulated emission, 49

photonic crystals, 186 photosphere, 282

Planck’s constant, 44, 436, 446 Planck’s law of radiation, 45, 446 Planck’s units, 419

planet, 307 planetary nebula, 290 Platonic solids, 9

Poincar´e sections, 249 polarization

of dielectrics, 75 of waves, 43

polymer, 186 positron, 333 proton, 330

proton–proton chain, 281 protostar, 277

pulsar, 304

quantum chromodynamics (QCD), 360 quantum dot, 159, 175, 189

artificial atom, 165 Coulomb island, 166

single-electron transistor, 167 quantum electrodynamics (QED), 354 quantum liquid, 98

quantum number, 5, 70, 437 additive

electric charge, 346 lepton number, 346 quark number, 346

vectorial, 346 color, 350 spin, 346

quantum optics, 70

quantum tunneling, 153, 158, 166, 181, 279, 321, 438

quantum well, 156 laser, 161 superlattice, 162

quantum wire, 159, 164, 175 quark, 331

quark, constituent, 361 quasar, 304 quasicrystal, 10 quasiparticles, 107 quasiperiodic, 146, 251 qubits, 185, 200

Rabi frequency, 138 Rabi, I. I.

oscillation, 84 racemic, 23, 26 radiation

pressure, 276 spontaneous, 45 stimulated, 49

radiation-dominated era, 394 Rayleigh number, 255 recoil, 132

red dwarf, 284 red giant, 275, 289

red-detuned, 134, 140 red-shift factor, 388 red-shift, 133, 316, 387 register, 198, 201

reheating of the universe, 407 relativity

Galilean, 16

general theory of, 147, 313 simultaneity, 18

special theory of, 16 renormalization, 363 resonance, 133 Reynolds number, 236 RSA, 196

running coupling constant, 364 running mass, 364

SAM, self-assembled monolayer, 187 saving

exponential, 206, 208 power, 206, 213

scaling, 258 schizophrenic, 199 Schr¨odinger, Erwin, 79

equation, 5, 33 screening currents, 95 self-assembly, 172, 187

self-organized criticality, 261

self-similar, 254 semiconductor, 59, 157, 174

sensitive dependence on initial conditions, 233, 249, 264

SETI, 22

Shor, P. W., 195 SI units, 419

Sirius, 270, 273, 295, 298, 390 SMES, 119

soft gamma-ray repeaters, 308 spin, 7, 176, 342, 346

spin flow, 178, 179 spintronics, 177

magnetic memory, 184 magnetic recording, 182 principles of devices, 180 quantum computer, 185 spin valve, 181 tunneling junction, 181

SQUID, 114, 119 stability, 8

stable fixed point, 250

Standard Model (SM), 333, 353, 362 star

energy transfer, 284 luminosity, 270, 390 magnitude, 390 mass, 273, 283 radius, 271 spectral classes, 272

spectral lines, 271, 388 stability, 279 temperature, 271

state

self-organized critical, 105 state (level), 70

broadening, 47, 71 decay (relaxation), 46

Doppler broadening, 48, 72 ground, 100

lifetime, 45, 46 metastable, 50, 82 pump, 50

state function, 79 state space, 231 statistics

Bose–Einstein, 107, 125, 130 Fermi–Dirac, 106, 125 Maxwell–Boltzmann, 129, 130 quantum, 439, 443

Stefan–Boltzmann’s law, 271, 404, 446 stellar wind, 289, 292, 310

strange attractor reconstruction of, 263

superconductivity HTSC, 116, 119 LTSC, 115

Type I, 101, 102, 104 Type II, 102, 104

superfluidity, 109 supergiant, 290, 292 supernova, 293

Type I, 299, 391

Type II, 293, 294, 299, 391 superposition of states, 79, 196, 199, 438 superstring, 380

supersymmetry (SUSY), 377 symmetry

dynamical, 5 gauge, 4, 30, 36 homogeneity, 15 isotropy, 15 left-right, 19 mirror, 19 non-abelian, 13 non-performable, 20 operation, 2, 10 parity, 19 reflection, 5, 20

spontaneous breaking of, 4 time reversal, 29

symmetry operation, 347

temperature, 441 degeneracy, 444 scales, 441 transition, 442

tetrahedron, 9

thermonuclear reaction, 279, 312 thin film, 62, 156, 188

magnetic, 179 TOP, 143 transition, 180, 183

between atomic states, 46, 70 intersubband, 162

lasing, 50 multiphoton, 72 single-photon, 71 temperature, 171

turbulence, 235–238

uncertainty relations, 79, 297, 320, 340, 436

unification, 36, 37

uniform state, 204, 207, 209, 214 universality, 36

vacuum condensate, 351 vacuum energy, 397 vacuum fluctuations, 320 virtual particle, 340 virtual state, 73

vortex, 103

W±, 333

wave harmonics, 75 wave–particle duality, 70, 78, 80 waves

characteristics, 43, 430 di raction, 67 electromagnetic, 42, 433 gravitational, 307, 324

interference, 46, 66, 78, 430, 438 interference experiment, 54, 80 light, 42, 431

mixing, 76 modulation, 64 phase-conjugate, 76 standing, 51 traveling, 43

Wheeler, John, 80 white dwarf, 275 luminosity, 299 mass limit, 298

observations, 295 Wien’s law, 271, 405, 446

X-ray binary sources, 309 burster, 312

HMXB, 310

LMXB, 311 X-rays, 69, 305, 322

Yang–Mills theory, 355

Young, Thomas, 54, 430

Z0, 333

ZOT, 141