How the Sandwich Came to the World

In 1762 there was a very famous English politician. Everybody knew about him because he enjoyed playing cards very much. One night he stayed at the card table for 24 hours, and he ate nothing but slices of bread with pieces of meat inside. His name was John Sandwich. The English name for a sandwich comes from this man.

Sandwiches were great favourites in Victorian England. It was the custom to "take" afternoon tea at about four o'clock, and many rich families ate sandwiches at this time.

Cucumber sandwiches were very popular. The servants always cut the edges of the bread, so the sandwiches were very small and delicate.

Sandwiches are less elegant now and often much bigger.

The English eat millions of sandwiches every day. They are a typical "snack" meal because they are easy and quick to prepare. You can buy sandwiches if you don't want to make them yourself. There are thousands of "sandwich bars" and cafes and even some restaurants that sell them.

The Hamburger is not so Young as We Sometimes Think

An American cook, Louis Lassen, made and sold the first hamburgers in 1895. He gave them this name because sailors from German port Hamburg gave him the recipe.

The story of this popular food comes back to the Middle Ages. In the Hamburg area the Tartars first made a sort of hamburger then. They used to sit on pieces of meat when they rode horses; so the meat came out flat!

Kenneth Lassen, Louis' son, still sells hamburgers in Connecticut.

Today you can buy this food in many places of the word. Except 'classic hamburgers' there are also cheeseburgers, fishburgers, beefburgers, eggburgers ... in fact anythingburgers!

Граматичний матеріал:

Ex. 1. One of the words in each list does not fit. Which is it?

1) lion, tiger, panther, monkey, snake; 2) lily, rose, poplar, tulip, lilac; 3) house, flat, villa, factory, cottage; 4) ink, water, milk, chalk, wine; 5) New York, Rome, London, Tokyo, Madrid.

Ex. 2. Choose the word (a, b) that best completes the sentence. Write the number of the sentence and the letter of the answer, e.g. 1b, 2a, 3b.

1. What time did you … up yesterday? a) get b) got c) gets. 2. I will … to the cinema tomorrow a) go b) went c) gone. 3. He came into the room, switched on the light and … to do his homework a) begin b) began c) begun. 4. Be quiet. The girl has just … asleep a) fall b) fell c) fallen. 5. My aunt has … beautiful roses this year a) grow b) grew c) grown. 6. The children like milk and … it every morning a) drink b) drank c) drunk.

Ex. 3. Choose the word (a, b) that best completes the sentence. Write the number of the sentence and the letter of the answer, e.g. 1b, 2a, 3b.

1. Have you … the new film? a) see b) saw c) seen. 2. I have … to a concert this week a) be b) was c) been. 3. The children have … their homework. They can go to the cinema a) do b) did c) done. 4. She has … this engineer since she began to work at the plant a) know b) knew c) known. 5. We have already … them our picture gallery a) show b) showed c) shown. 6. They haven’t yet … to the South a) go b) went c) gone.

Робота над вправами за профілем спрямування:

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

4. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.

Модуль самостійної роботи:

1. Безособові форми дієслова. Інфінітив. Дієприкметник. Герундій.

2. Скласти рецепт улюбленої страви та меню в ресторані.

3. Анотування газетної статті за фахом.

Безособові форми дієслова. Інфінітив. Дієприкметник. Герундій.

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. Дайте загальну характеристик не особовим формам дієслова.

2. Інфінітив:

• форми інфінітива;

• функції інфінітива;

• синтаксична роль у реченні;

• інфінітивні звороти (objective with infinitive, nominative with infinitive, the for – to – infinitive construction).

3. Дієприкметник:

   • форми дієприкметника;

   • функції дієприкметника;

   • Participle I (утворення, функції, часові форми);

   • Participle II (утворення, функції, часові форми).

4. Герундій:

   • форми герундія;

   • функції герундія;

   • синтаксична роль герундія в реченні;

   • герундіальні звороти.

5. Порівняйте пари:

   • герундій та інфінітив;

   • герундій та дієприкметник.

Вправа 1. Розкрийте дужки і оберіить правильний варіант

1 The article must (translate / be translated) into Russian.

2 Ann did very well at the exam. She must (be studying / have studied) very hard.

3 George has (to call / to be called) his insurance agent today.

4 It is too cold (to bathe / to have bathed) today.

5 I hope (to send / to be sent) to the conference.

6 The budget committee decided (to postpone / to be postponed) the meeting.

7 The weather seems (to be improving / to have improved) now.

8 I am glad (to have seen / to have been seen) you.

9 The letter may (have been sent / have sent) to the wrong address.

10 I am looking for Helen. Do you know where she is? She may (watch / be watching) TV in her room.

Вправа 2. Визначте функцію інфінітиву та перекладіть речення

1 I’m happy not to have failed you.

2 We were sorry to find out that most of the museums were closed that day.

3 This is a man to be relied upon.

4 I’d like to make an appointment.

5 This is an interesting fact to be mentioned in the report.

6 The boy didn’t want to be praised in the presence of other pupils.

7 I felt that to send a letter to him would only pain him uselessly.

8 One of our friends was suddenly taken ill and had to be operated on immediately.

9 The President is to visit Vienna next year.

10 The press conference is to start in a minute.

11 You should consult the doctor.

12 The! freezer must be kept at –20º.

13 You would rather go to class tomorrow than today.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення

1 He is known to be a great book-lover.

2 The members of the committee are expected to come to an agreement.

3 Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by the fire.

4 The experiment is believed to be а failure.

5 She seems to know the subject well.

6 He happened to be at home at that time.

7 There seem to be no changes in the trade relations between these two countries.

8 There proved to be many difficulties in solving the matter.

9 There happened to be many people there at that time.

10 The ship can be expected to arrive at the end of the week.

11 The weather can’t be expected to change tomorrow.

12 There seem to be no objections to their proposal.

13 There happened to be a surgeon among them.

Вправа 4. Оберіть правильну форму займенника або іменника:

1 Richard is expecting (us/our) to go to class tomorrow.

2 You shouldn’t rely on (him/his) calling you in the morning.

3 They don’t approve of (us/our) leaving early.

4 George asked (me/my) to call him last night.

5 We understand (him/his) having to leave early.

6 We are expecting (Henry/Henry’s) to call us.

7 They are looking forward to (us/our) visiting them.

8 Susan regrets (John/John’s) being in trouble.

9 We understand (you/your) not being able to stay longer.

10 We object to (their/them) signing the contract now.

Вправа 5. Оберіть потрібну форму герундія або інфінітива:

1 The teacher decided (accepting / to accept) the paper.

2 His father doesn’t approve of his (going / to go) to Europe.

3 We found it very difficult (reaching / to reach) a decision.

4 Donna is interested in (to open / opening) a bar.

5 George has no intention of (to leave / leaving) the city now.

6 We are eager (to return / returning) to school in the fall.

7 She refused (to accept / accepting) the gift.

8 Mary pretended (to be / being) sick yesterday.

9 Carlos hopes (to finish / finishing) his thesis this year.

10 They agreed (to leave / leaving) early.

11 Herry shouldn’t risk (to drive / driving) so fast.

12 He demands (to know / knowing) what is going on.

13 She is looking forward (to return / to returning) to her country.

Вправа 6. Випишіть номери речень, де вжито герундій:

1 Climbing the mountain, he broke his leg.

2 Having climbed the mountain, they rested the whole day.

3 Climbing a mountain is his favourite pastime.

4 The rule being explained is not easy.

5 Having been explained the rule became quite clear to everybody.

6 The rule being explained, we started doing the exercises.

7 I prefer explaining to testing.

8 Why do you dislike living here?

9 What’s the name of the girl living here?

10 I don’t like the idea of her living here.

11 The water here is not very good. I’d avoid drinking it.

12 What are you drinking? Is it apple juice?

13 After being stopped by the police, the man admitted stealing the car.

Література:

1. Никульшина Н.Л. Повторяем неличные формы английсого глагола: Учеб. пособие.Тамбов: Изд-во Тамб. гос. техн. ун-та, 2002. 96 с.

2. Верба Л.Г., Верба Г.В. Граматика сучасної англійської мови. Посібник. – логос, 1997.- 341 с.

3. Грамматика английского языка: пособие. Ч. 1. Морфология / Под ред. Б.А. Ильиша. - 6-е изд. –, К. : Б.в., 1997. - 214 с.

4. Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика: Сборник упражнений. – 3-е изд. - СПб.: Каро, 2001. – 512 с.

5. Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П. Грамматика современного английского языка: Учебник для институтов и факультетов иностранных языков. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Высшая школа, 1980. – 335 с.

Індивідуальна робота за семестр:

1. Проектна робота. Тема: «Стилі та напрямки сучасної музики».

Робота з граматичним матеріалом: Пряма та непряма мова

Ex. 1. Convert the following statements into indirect speech.

1. John said: "I met them at the airport yester­day." 2. He said: "I shall come to the party if I am free tomorrow." 3. She said: "I shall go to the cin­ema in the evening if I am not very tired." 4. My mother said to me: "It will be difficult for you to get up tomorrow if you don't go to bed at once." 5. Nina said: "I like music and I listen to it every evening before going to bed." 6. My aunt said: "I shall not be thirsty if I eat some grapes." 7. Moth­er said to us: "Don't go out before I return." 8. My sister said: "I shall be neither hungry nor thirsty if I have a cup of tea with a sandwich." 9. Mary said: "Don't switch on TV, Fred, I am working." 10. The teacher said to us: "You will have to work hard tomorrow." 11. My girl-friend said to me: "I shall not be able to go for a walk with you today, because I am very busy." 12. She said to me: "How long are you going to stay in the country?" 13. He said to me: "I like to go to the canteen during the break." 14. He asked me: "When will you go to the canteen?"

Ex. 1. Change the following statements into indirect speech.

1. I often play tennis. 2. She is staying with her aunt. 3. She went to Moscow alone. 4. He has gone home. 5. I will go with Anna. 6. She wrote another romantic novel. 7. He will write a detective story next. 8. Mary was speking with her relatives in the evening yesterday. 9. They are hapy now. 10. He studies at the university in the USA. 11. He travelled to Africa last year. 12. I know Spanish a little. 13. He often takes part in differenet sports competitions. 14. She went to Kyiv on holiday. 15. I told you about it yesterday.

Ex. 2. Change the following questions into indirect speech.

1. Did you go home early yesterday? 2. Will you write to me next week? 3. Will you go to the sea this year? 4. Did you take your Literature examination? 5. Have you ever visited Africa? 6. Are you married? 7. Are you going to the library today? 8. When will you stop asking me the same question? 9. Where did they meet? 10. How long do you want to stay in the country? 11. When did they return? 12. Who told you that? 13. How well does he know English? 14. Where are they going to stay in London? 15. Did I forget about anything? 16. Where does he study? 17. How often do they invite him for dinners? 18. Do you know anything about Mr Jones? 19. How did you get to the station? 20. Have you heard the news? 21. Did she sing that beautiful song? 22. What will you watch? 23. Are they going to leave soon? 24. Did they speak about you?

Ex. 1. Change the following questions into indirect speech.

1. Do you smoke? 2. Do you have a car? 3. Can I move the furniture? 4. Is there a fridge in the kitchen? 5. Do you often see him? 6. Did you repair your flat? 7. Have other people seen the flat? 8. Did the previous people look after the flat well ? 9. Have you bought a new furniture ? 9. Will you ring me up? 10. Will you finish reading it today? 11. When do you want to meet? 12. How often do you go to the gym? 13. How far are the shops? 14. What are you thinking about? 15. What did they like about the flat? 16. Why did workers lose their jobs? 17. Where are you going? 18. Where will you meet him? 19. What sport did you play yesterday? 20. What exams did you take? 21. Where will you go for your summer holidays? 22. Am I in time? 23. Are you angry with me ? 24. What program are you watching?

Ex. 2. Convert into indirect speech.

1. "I want to sit in the armchair," said the boy. 2. The secretary said to me: "The delegation ar­rived in Kyiv yesterday." 3. "Open the window, please," she said to me. 4. He said: "I shall light a fire and make myself breakfast." 5. "Don't run to the door when you hear the bell," said the woman to her little daughter. 6. She asked me: "How long are you going to stay here?" 7. Mary asked me: "Will you spend your vacation in Moscow?" 8. "Lock the door when you leave the house," said my elder sister to me. 9. "Have you received a telegram from your wife?" she asked Robert. 10. Mabel said: "Nothing will change my decision and I shall leave for Cape Town tonight." 11. "Please don't smoke in the room," said the old woman to her nephew. 12. "I am shivering with cold," said the girl.

Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1. We (not to go) on a tramp last summer. 2. What you (to do) when your sister (to come) home yesterday? 3. He (not to go) to the shop yesterday. 4. Nick (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 5. Rick (to sleep) at eleven o'clock yes­terday. 6. We (to play) badminton from nine till eleven yester­day. 7. Kate (not to go) for a walk yesterday. She (to write) a composition the whole day yesterday. 8. When your father (to come) home yesterday? - He (to come) home at seven o'clock. 9. When my father (to come) home yesterday, my mother (to make) supper. 10. I (to feed) my cat with fish yesterday. 11. What you (to do) at four o'clock yesterday? - I (to feed) my cat. 12. He (to repair) his bicycle the whole day before yesterday. 13. You (to have) supper at nine o'clock yesterday? 14. I (to begin) re­pairing my camera at six o'clock yesterday. 15. At five o'clock yesterday Helen (to cook) soup. 16. When we (to play) in the yard yester­day, it suddenly (to start) raining heavily. 17. I (to see) Mike when he (to cross) the street. 18. He (to begin) repairing his bicycle in the morning yes­terday. 19. What your brother (to do) yesterday? - He (to play) computer games. Пасивний стан дієслова

Tense	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
P resent	I am He is told You are	I am He is told You are	I have has He (she, it) been told
Past	I was told were We (you, they) told	I was We (you, they) will be told	I had been told
F uture	I will be told		I will have been told

Ex. 1. Turn the following sentences into the Passive Voice.

1. Popov invented the radio. 2. Mary lost her bag yesterday. 3. My sister teaches me English. 4. He always meets delegations. 5. He usually translates the poems. 6. The guide showed the places of interest to them. 7. They speak much about this film. 8. Peter drives the car. 9. We will invite him to our party. 10. They grow potatoes in this region. 11. We will answer the letter tomorrow.12. Tom made this shelf last week. 13. Children will tell you the truth soon. 14. They change the menu in this restaurant every month. 15. They showed me the way. 16. I am sure they will offer you a very interesting job. 17. They gave me some books on this problem.

Ex. 2. Ask –when and –where questions using the Passive Voice.

1. The pupils wrote the dictation yesterday. 2. The girls water flowers in the evening. 3. The pupils will write a composition tomorrow. 4. Last night they saw me at the party. 5. They leave cars in the car park. 6. They told me the news at 6 o’clock. 7. People will speak much about him tomorrow.

Ex. 1. Render the following sentences in the Passive Voice. Model: A boy showed his toys to his friend. – His toys were shown to his friend.

1. Lydia will show you a new book of pictures. 2. The boys will paint the roof of the house. 3. Our mother tells us stories every evening. 4. Her daughters gave her three beautiful dishes as a birthday present. 5. Tom gave Nick a book for his birthday. 6. Tom Saw­yer whitewashed the fence.7. A marble pavillion protects the house. 8. Mother waters the flowers in the evening.

Ex. 2. Translate into English using Present, Past and Future Passive Simple.

1. Мама подякувала лікарю. 2. Як це будуть робити? 3. Маму просять не хвилюватись. 4. Диктант будуть писати наступного вівторка. 5. Мамі дали чашку кави. 6. Молоко приносять кожного ранку. 7. Книжки покладуть на полицю. 8. Коли послали листа? 9. Коли перевірять контрольні роботи? 10. Лікаря просили вилікувати мене. 11. Квитки принесуть завтра. 12. Листи відправляють о дванадцятій кожного дня. 13. Дітям не дають кави.

Ex. 1. Transfer the sentences into the Passive Voice paying attention to the preposition. Model: We often look at that picture. – That picture is often looked at.

1. They sent for Jim and told him to prepare a report on that subject. 2. Nobody lived in that old house. 3. The young mothers looked after their babies with great care. 4. The group spoke to the headmistress yesterday. 5. Nobody slept in this bed. 6. The neighbour asked for the telegram. 7. Everybody listened to the lecturer with great attention. 8. The senior students laughed at the freshman. 9. They looked for the newspaper everywhere.10. The teacher sent for the pupil's parents. 11. The doctor will operate on him in a week. 12. We thought about our friend all the time.

Ex. 2. Translate into English using Present, Past and Future Passive Simple.

1. Про цей фільм багато говорили. 2. Цю книжку дуже часто питають. 3. Влітку Колю відвезуть на дачу. 4. За нею завжди посилають. 5. Його пошлють у Гарвард. 6. За мною пошлють завтра. 7. Їх завжди запрошують на день народження Анни. 8. За нею послали вчора. 9. Його часто посилають на пошту. 10. В музеї нам показали багато чудових картин. 11. В минулому році її послали в Оксфорд.