Money and its History

Grammar: The Passive Voice (be + Ved₃)

Страдательный залог образуется с помощью глагола «to be» в требуемом времени в сочетании с третьей формой (Past Participle) основного глагола и выражает действие, направленное на подлежащие.

Отвечает на вопрос: «Что делают с подлежащим?».

Simple tenses (am, is, are) (was, were) + Ved3 will be

Continuous tenses (am, is, are)+being+Ved3 (was, were)+being+Ved3

Perfect tenses Have Has + been + Ved3 Had

Pattern:

Economics is taught by Prof. Smith. The discussion is being held in room 2. The work has already been completed.

Экономику преподает проф. Смит. Дискуссия проводится в комнате 2. Работу уже закончили.

Exercise 1. Choose the sentences where the predicate verb is given in Passive Voice.

1. The students are still working in the lab.

2. His article is being discussed by a group of scientists.

3. The advertisement which had been given to press helped the firm to become popular in the town.

4. When money is issued in larger quantities that necessary it may cause inflation.

5. The economists consider that mixed economy is the best one.

6. This is an explained material, so you must know it.

Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Money is used as an equivalent of the product cost.

2. The examinations were taken and the students’ knowledge was estimated.

3. The article is still being written and as soon as it is written it will be published.

4. The books are taken from the library and are returned there after they are read.

5. After the work had been done the students left the laboratory.

6. Who has this novel been written by?

7. The interview is taking place in the office, the applications are taken by the secretary.

8. The employees are being instructed by the manager now.

9. While Jane was going shopping Dolores was cleaning the room. When Jane returned home the room had already been tidied and the dinner cooked. Dolores in her turn was informed of the situation in the shops and the possible presents that could be bought for parents and friends.

Exercise 3. Read the text. Write out, translate and learn the underlined words. Translate the text.

Money and its History

Many people think that money has existed since ancient times. But they are wrong. There were times when money was not in use. People exchanged goods if they wanted to sell or to buy something. The cost of the product was defined by its owner and maker. The first money equivalent was the skin of the animals, their bones and things made of them. Jane and her friends who were in the archeological museum could see necklaces, rings, weapons which were made of ivory, wood and animal bones. There one could see the pictures in which the trade process was depicted. It was the period of natural product exchange. Then came metal period. When people learnt how to mine silver and gold they started to use them as the cost equivalent. In the archeological museum there is a department which is called “Money history”. There different copper and silver coins are exposed. From year to year, their size, form and weight changed. Later there appeared special drawings which were engraved on the coins. One can see the symbols of knights, dukes and noble men living on the grounds of modern Britain, France and Germany.

Paper money appeared much later and immediately became popular as the most convenient way of making payments for the goods which were bought. Money is kept and accumulated in banks. Money cannot be issued in any quantities because it may cause inflation.

Exercise 4. Write out the sentences with the verbs in the Passive Voice.

Exercise 5. Choose the words that are connected with economy.

Exercise 6. Find in the text the passages which speak about:

a) the exposition in the archeological museum;

b) the first coins;

c) the role of money.

Exercise 7. Choose the right word to fill in the blank.

a) Sell; b) depicts; c) exchanged; d) trade; e) ivory; f) payments; g) cost.

1. The _____ of the product is defined by money.

2. The process in which people buy or sell something is called the______.

3. This picture ______ the miner labour.

4. In ancient time people ______ goods.

5. The knife was made of ______.

6. One may make _____ in any bank.

7. Shops_____ goods and products.