6. The direction of derivation.
There are the following criteria to solve it:
Semantic derivation
The base is semantically simple and the general meaning of the part
os speech coincide with the meaning of the word.
e. g. a pen – to pen
e. g. a father – to father (стать
отцом)
Analogous pairs
In dubious cases the base and the derivative are viewed in the
context of similar formations and the relations are established in
comparison with the general state of things in group of words which
are semantically similar.
e. g. to chat – chat (to converse –
conversation)
e. g. to envy – envy (to hate – hatred, to admire – admiration)
The criterion of semantic derivation based on semantic relations
within a conversion pair.
The existence within a conversion pair of relations typical of
denominal verb proves that the verb is a derived word.
e. g. of deverbal substantives: to take – take (action – result
of the action)
e. g. crowd – crowdy
Criterion based on derivational relations within a word-cluster.
In the center of a cluster is a verb. All derived
words of the first degree of derivation have suffixes added to a verb
stem and vise-versa.
