Exercise 9. Раскройте скобки, употребив глаголы в форме Gerund.

The to-infinitive is used

The Gerund is used

• для выражения цели: He went to university to become a lawyer. (in order to become)

• после глаголов типа: to remember, to ask, to forget, to agree, to learn, to decide, to love, to promise, to like, to pretend, to hate, to wish, to be going, to prefer, to appear, expect, to hope, to plan, to refuse etc. He refused to pay the bill.

• после прилагательных типа: happy, glad, sorry etc. She was happy to marry him.

• после: I would like/would love/would prefer для выражения особого, конкретного предпочтения. I'd like to see the manager.

• после существительных: It’s a pleasure to help you.

• после too/enough constructions. He's too young to have his own car. He's clever enough to do the crossword. He's got enough money to live on.

• с: it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun). It was kind of him to offer me his car.

• so + adjective + as. Would you be so kind as to help translate the letter?

• с "only" для выражения неудовлетворительного, неприятного результата. She came in only to find Bob had left.

• после: be + the first/second etc/next /last/best etc. He was the first to cross the border.

• в конструкциях : for + noun/pronoun + to -inf. For him to be so rude was unforgivable.

• в выражениях типа: to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest etc. To be honest, I don't like him.

• после: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive без "to" для выражения законченного действия. I saw John type the letter. (все действие от начала до конца).

NOTE!

1. если два инфинитива соединяются "and" или "or", частичка "to" второго инфинитива может опускаться. I want to call Mr Jones and fax or post him a letter.

2. the infinitive without to is used:

• после большинства модальных глаголов (can, must, will etc). You can do it yourself.

• после: had better / would rather. I'd rather not go out tonight. I'd better stay at home.

• после: make / let / see / hear / feel+ object. They made him pay for the damage,

НО: в пассивном залоге: be made / be heard / be seen + to -infinitive. He was made to pay for the damage.

• после "know" and "help" может употребляться с или без to. I've never known him (to) be so mean. Could you help me (to) fix the car?

НО: в страдательном залоге: be known, be helped + to-infinitive. She was known to have worked as a teacher.

• в качестве отглагольного существительного. Reading a book is a good pastime.

• после глаголов типа: (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (physical activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand etc). They discussed selling the company. "Let's go jogging!" "No, I'd rather go sailing,"

• после: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer, mind, to enjoy, to love для выражения общего (не)предпочтения. She likes cooking (вообще)

• после : I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time. I can’t stand listening to this music.

• после: spend/waste (time, money etc). We wasted a lot of time trying to find a parking space.

• после: to be (interested in, busy with, fond of, proud of, sure of, ashamed of -, tired of, afraid of, good at, bad at, clever at, pleased at, surprised at, ready for, sorry for, grateful for, famous for, good for, right in, used to, fed up with, excited about): He is very good at painting.

• после предлогов. He left without saying a word.

• после: look forward to, be/get used to, be/ get accustomed to, object to, admit (to) etc I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon. после: hear, listen, notice, see, для выражения незаконченного, развивающегося или длительного действия. I saw him crossing the street.

NOTE!

• begin, continue, intend, start + инфинитив или герундий. She began crying I to cry.

НО: The days are beginning to get shorter. Tho dayo arc beginning getting charter.

• advise, allow, encourage, permit, recommend, require + object или в пассивном залоге употребляются с инфинитивом. Герундий употребляется в том случае, когда обстоятельства нет. The teacher doesn't allow us to eat in class. We aren't allowed to eat in class. They don't allow eating in class.

• need, require want употребляются с инфинитивом, герундием или пассивным инфинитивом . You need to polish your shoes. Your shoes need polishing. Your shoes need to be polished.

MIND THE DIFFERENCE!

• после глагола to remember герундий обозначает действие, относящееся к прошлому, инфинитив - к будущему: I remembered to wind the clock. - Я помнил, что мне ещё нужно завести часы. I remember winding the clock. - Я помню, что завёл часы.

• try doing – попытаться сделать что-то в качестве эксперимента, попробовать что-то:

I‘ve got a terrible headache. I tried taking an aspirin but it didn’t help. – Мне ужасно болит голова. Я попробовал взять аспирин, но это не помогло.

try to do – постараться сделать что-то, сделать попытку: Please try to be quiet when you come home. Everyone will be asleep. – Постарайтесь не шуметь, когда придете домой. Все будут спать.

• need + -ing = need to be done (что-то нуждается в чем-то): This jacket is rather dirty. It needs cleaning (=it needs to be cleaned)/ - Этот пиджак очень грязный. Его нужно почистить.

need to do something – Мне необходимо сделать что-то: I need to take more exercise. – Мне необходимо больше заниматься. He needs to work harder. – Ему необходимо больше работать.

• forget + -ing form = помнить, не забыть: I’ll never forget travelling by plane for the first time. – Я никогда не забуду, как в первый раз летел самолетом.

forget to do something = не помнить, забыть: I have to go out. I forgot to buy a newspaper. – Я должен выйти. Я забыл купить газету.

• stop doing something = перестать, бросить, прекратить делать что-то: He stopped drinking coffee because it upset his stomach. – Он бросил пить кофе, т.лк. он раздражал его желудок.

stop to do something = остановиться, чтобы сделать что-то другое: He stopped to fill the tank with petrol, then continued driving. – Он остановился для того, чтобы заполнить бак бензином, а затем продолжил поездку.

• be sorry for doing something = просить прощения, извиняться за совершенное действие: We are sorry for keeping you waiting. – Извините за то, что задержали вас.

be sorry to do something = просить прощения, извиняться за действие, которое еще будет сделано: I’m sorry to say this, but your work is rather unsatisfactory.

• Если глагол to like = ‘enjoy’, то после него употребляется герундий: Do you like cooking? (Do you enjoy cooking?) – Тебе нравится готовить?(Ты наслаждаешься процессом готовки?).

Если глагол to like = ‘find it good or right to do something’, то после него употребляется инфинитив: I like to wash my hair twice a week. – Мне нравится мыть волосы два раза в неделю (я считаю, что это правильно и хорошо для меня).

• mean to do something = ‘intend to’ : He means to move to Newcastle.

mean doing something = ‘involve’ : Working harder means getting more money.

• go on to do something = ‘finish doing sth and start doing sth else’: After finishing her BA, she went on to get a master's degree.

go on doing something = ‘continue’: She went on watching TV.

• regret to do something = ‘be sorry to’: I regret to tell you that you have failed.

regret doing something = ‘have second thoughts about sth already done’. I regret telling lies.

• would prefer + to do something = ‘specific preference’: I'd prefer to have an early night tonight.

prefer + doing something (in general): I prefer reading a book to watching TV.

prefer + to do something + (rather) than + do something . I prefer to read a book (rather) than watch TV.

• want + to do something = ‘wish’: / want to find a better job.

want + doing something = ‘sth needs to be done’: Your dress wants cleaning.

• hate + to do something = ‘hate what one is about to do’: / hate to interrupt, but I must talk to you.

hate + doing something = ‘feel sorry for what one is doing’: / hate making you feel uncomfortable.

• be afraid to do something = ‘be too frightened to do sth’: I'm afraid to drive over the old bridge.

be afraid of + doing something = ‘бояться, что действие, выраженное герундием, может произойти’: She is afraid of breaking her leg if she jumps over the wall.