2 .3. Грамматические упражнения

2.3.1. Впишите подходящее сказуемое, выбрав один из предложенных в скобках вариантов. Подчеркните предлоги двумя чертами, обращая внимание на их употребление. Переведите предложения на русский язык

Ex.	The results of the experiment are not precise, they shouldn’t be referred to (shouldn’t refer, can be referred to, shouldn’t be referred to).
	Результаты этого эксперимента не точны в измерении, на них не следует полагаться.
1	The results of this experiment _______________________________ (can be relied on, can rely on, can be relying on).
2	These experiments _______________________________ (was followed, were following, were followed) by mass production of new double sided disks.
3	Microsoft Natural Keyboard _______________________________ (is looked upon, are looked upon, looks on) as one of the most ergonomic keyboards.
4	Problems of making modern keyboards for “lefties” and “righties” _____________________________ (are dealing with, are being dealt with, is being dealt with) now.
5	Medical problems of many computer users _______________________________ (may affect, is affected, may be affected) by non-ergonomic arrangement of the work area.
6	Incorrect posture _______________________________ (is spoken of, spoke of, is speaking of) as one of the main factors that contribute to musculo-skeletal pains.
7	Combatting viruses and computer privacy _______________________________ (are paying attention to, were paid attention to, was paid attention to) at the conference.
8	The new Microsoft`s elongated-shaped Mouse specially designed for children _______________________________ (refers to, was referred to, are referred to) in the article.
9	Ineffectiveness of laws concerning unauthorized access to personal information _______________________________ (spoke much about, were much spoken, were much spoken about).

2 .4. Тексты

2.4.1. Прочитайте и переведите текст устно

IN SEARCH OF THE REAL BILL GATES. Part 1. By Walter Isaakson.

He`s the most famous businessman in the world. But we know little about him as a person. What beliefs and values drive this man who as much as anyone? Will it determine the way we look not only at computers but at ourselves and our world? Here`s an intimate look at one of the most important minds and personalities of our era.

When Bill Gates was in the sixth grade, his parents decided he needed counseling. “We became concerned about him,” says his father who calls him Trey. “He was so small and shy, in need of protection, and his interests were so very different from the typical sixth grader`s”. His intellectual drive and curiosity would not be satisfied in a big public school. So they decided to send him to an elite private school across town.

Learning BASIC language from a manual with his pal Paul Allen, Trey produced two programs in the eighth grade. Trey and Paul were soon spending their evenings at a local company that had bought a big computer and did not have to pay for it. In exchange for computer time, the boys` job was to try (quite successfully) to find bugs that would crash it. “Trey got so into it,” his father recalls,”that he would sneak out the basement door and spend most of the night there”. By 10^th grade he was teaching computers and writing a program that handled class scheduling, which has a secret function that placed him in classes with the right girls.

He was at war with his mother Mary, who harboured the belief that he should do what she told him. But he wouldn`t. The psychologist they sent him to “was a really cool guy,” Gates recalls. “He gave me books to read after each session, Freud stuff, and I really got into psychology theory.” After a year of sessions and a battery of tests, the counselor reached his conclusion. “You`re going to lose,” he told Mary. “You had better just adjust to it because there is no use trying to beat him.”

A lot ofcomputer companies have concluded the same.The combination of counseling and the computer helped transform him into a self-assured young businessman. His confidence increased and he made peace with his mother. In the 21 years since he dropped out of Harvard to start Microsoft, William Henry Gates III, 41, has thrashed competitors in the world of desktop operating systems and application software.

In the process he has amassed a fortune worth $23.9 billion. The 88% rise in Microsoft stock in 1996 meant he made about $30 million a day. That makes him the world`s richest person, by far. But he`s more than that. He has become the Edison and Ford of our age.

His success stems from his personality: an awesome and at times frightening blend of brilliance, drive, competitiveness and personal intensity. But though he has become the most famous business celebrity in the world, Gates remains personally elusive to all but a close circle of friends. Described in computer terms, he has “incredible processing power” and “unlimited bandwidth,” an agility at “parallel processing” and “multitasking”. Watch him at his desk, and you see what they mean. He works on two computers, one with four frames that sequence data streaming in from the Internet. The other handling the hundreds of E-mail messages and memos that extend his mind into a network. He can be so rigorous as he processes data that one can imagine his mind may indeed be digital: no sloppy emotions or analog fuzziness, just trillions of binary impulses coolly converting input into correct answers.

2.4.1.1. К приведенным словам и словосочетаниям выпишите синонимы из указанных абзацев текста 2.4.1

Ex.	well-known	famous	3-й абзац	from a reference book
1-й абзац	friendly look
	character		4-й абзац	to quarrel with
	time, age			made his conclusion
2-й абзац	became anxious			It isn`t worth trying
	great interest		5-й абзац	graduated from Harvard
3-й абзац	ecame interested			a number of counselling
	worked out (a program)			was reconciled with his mother
6-й aбзац	made money		7-й абзац	coming quickly from the Internet
	century			result from mixture

2.4.1.2. Подчеркните в тексте слова, характеризующие Билла Гейтса – одной чертой, а то, что подходит для описания Вашего характера – двумя.

2.4.2. Прочитайте текст.

ADOPT THE CORRECT POSTURE

Close work with a computer screen is often the root of postural problems such as fatigue, stiffness, cramp and pain in certain muscles and tendons. The areas of the body that are mainly affected are the neck, the shoulders, and the small of the back, the wrist and the hand. The main factors that contribute to musculo-skeletal pains are the incorrect posture adopted by many computer users, linked with the non-ergonomic arrangement of the work area, and the problems associated with the keyboard.

The main reasons for the onset of most pains is that many computer workers adopt one of the following incorrect positions: neck leaning forward, back bent, shoulders lifted, arms outstretched, and forearms and hands lifted. However, a simple adjustment of your chair and desk will allow for more comfort in the workspace:

• the monitor should be at eye level;

• feet flat on the floor or on a foot rest;

• the angle between the hand and the forearm should never be less than 90 degrees;

• the back should be straight in order to ease tension of the shoulders and the strain of the neck muscles.

However, no ideal position may be kept for a long time: maintaining the same position for a prolonged period leads to immobility of the limbs and it will make you tired. So stand up every hour and take a break. Allow your body to move. Periodically adjust the focus of your eyes and then go back to computing. The more you are refreshed, the more you are efficient.

Position of a keyboard can also be one of the main reasons for aches. So-called ergonomic keyboards may reduce the strain. Try using a document holder to limit movements of the head and eye.

Computing can complicate already pre-existing problems. Your general physical condition can also be a cause of postural ache. People should find some way of maintaining their physical fitness, because the more fit you are, the higher your physical resistance will be to computing.

2.4.2.1. Используя схему, приведенную в упр. 1.4.2.1., запишите текст устного пересказа текста 2.4.2.

2.4.3. Прочитайте текст, озаглавьте его.

__________________________________

For 300,000 people who suffer from wearisome and monotonous work on the computer new ergonomic developments may prove to be the only solution.

Microsoft`s Natural Keyboard has become one of the most widely purchased of ergonomic keyboards. The figures and letters are devided into three serpentine sections in order to ensure that the wrists are in their natural position.

The Lexmark firm also took a fairly creative approach to the development of the keyboard two parts of which are joined with hinges so that the user can position them at a convenient distance. The keys are positioned close to one another so that the fingers experience less strain during work.

The “mouse” developed by the Logitech firm and known as Mouseman has special indents for fingers, an assymetrical form for the right or left hand, and also, a slant for the realms. Microsoft`s elongated Home Mouse has been designed specially to fit into different-sized hands, that is why it can be easily used for children,”lefties” and “righties”. The keyboards of the Microsoft company have very light keys to relax hands while typing.

Besides these ergonomic pluses the new products also have a number of other advantages.

2.4.3.1. Переведите текст из упр.2.4.3. письменно.

НАЗВАНИЕ:

2.4.3.2. Дайте описание новшеств, которые облегчают работу с клавиатурой.

NEW ERGONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS

1

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3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

2.4.4. Прочитайте текст

CHANGING KEYS: THE MORE CONVINIENT………………………. (1)

When the typewriter was first invented in 1867, the letters on the keyboard were arranged to slow down the ………. (2) typist. Why? If typists went too…………(3), the keys would jam, so letters that were usually next to each other in a word were placed far apart on the keyboard. However, when the electronic typewriter was introduced this was no longer a problem, so a new one, called the Dvorak keyboard, was introduced. It had the letters that normally followed each other next to one another. It was ………. (4) than the old one. But …………….. (5) is not the best for the simple reason that generation of typists were used to their QWERTY system (named for the six letters on the typewriter keyboard).

An average typist can type as ……… (6) as ….. symbols a minute. Now a new keyboard has been developed to help users avoid carpal tunnel syndrome caused by continuous flexing of the wrist. Will it enable us to type a bit ……….. (7) ? Will it replace the entrenched QWERTY keyboard? That depends on the users.

2.4.4.1. Заполните пропуски в тексте 2.4.4., используя степени сравнения прилагательного «quick». Заполните таблицу

1		3		5
2		4		6

2.4.4.2. Переведите текст 2.4.4. письменно

2 .5. УСТНАЯ И ПИСЬМЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ

2.5.1. Используя материалы упр.2.4.2. – 2.4.4., ответьте на вопросы

1. What are postural problems of close work with a computer screen? 2. What are the areas of the body that are mainly affected? 3. What is the main factor of pains? 4. Why did QWERTY system appear when the typewriter was invented? 5. This was no longer a problem with the electronic typewriter, was it? 6. What was worked out to make typing quicker? 7. How can the trouble of continuous flexing of the wrist be avoided? 8.Do you think the new keyboard will replace the entrenched QWERTY one? 9. What is the first thing of more comfort in the workspace? 10. What can be the rules for computer users work? 11. What should be kept in mind as far as pre-existing problems are concerned? 12. What else can be the cause of pain at work? 13. What new ergonomic developments of the keyboard can you mention? 14. What is meant by “computer users with different-sized hands”? 15. Alongside with the work area rules what can be a good piece of advice?

2.5.2. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык письменно. Подчеркните глаголы: одной чертой, если глагол стоит в настоящем времени; двумя чертами – если в прошедшем времени; волнистой линией – если в будущем времени

Ex.	Healths is greatly influenced by...	Здоровье во многом зависит от … На здоровье сильно влияет…
1	Windows XP is referred to as...
2	New mouse was much spoken about in...
З	Processing raw data is followed by ...
4	This keyboard can be relied upon for…
5	The processing rate is acted upon by ...
6	This problem is dealt with in...
7	It is being worked at for…
8	The line is looked after by…
9	The results won't be affected by ...

2.5.3. Переведите предложения на английский язык письменно, используя словосочетания из упр. 2.5.2.

Ex.	Здоровье пользователей во многом зависит от того, насколько правильна или енправильна их осанка во время рвботы.
	Health of computer users is greatly influenced by correct or incorrect posture during the work.
1	На конференции много говорили о новой мышке продолговатой формы, разработанной компанией Microsoft специально для левшей.
2	Можно полностью положиться на эти раздвоенную панель клавиатуры, чтобы избежать постоянного изгиба запястья.
3	Вся линия управляется автоматически, и за ней следит всего один человек.
4	На скорость обработки данных большое влияние оказывает тип программы.
5	Windows XP-professional часто рассматривают как их основное преимущество.
6	За обработкой исходных данных обычно следует процесс вывода информации на экран.
7	Этой проблемой занимаются ученые многих стран.
8	Над ней работают математики и прграммиты, инженеры и конструкторы.
9	Мы уверены, что на результаты опытов не повлияет использование альтернативной компьютерной программы.