Module 5

Basic topic: Printing technologies. Modern printing technologies: offset printing, gravure and digital printing.

Grammar: Word-formative suffixes and prefixes. Lexico-grammatical analysis of the text. Revision of tense forms of the Verb. Non-Finite forms of the Verb. Infinitive. Objective Infinitive complex. Subjective Infinitive complex. Prepositional Infinitive complex. Direct and Indirect speech.

Socio-political topic: International terrorism. Fight against terrorism

Exercise 1. Translate the words with prefixes un-, in-, dis-, non-. Mind that the given prefixes change the meaning of the word into the opposite one. Pay attention to in-, which is converted into il- before l, ir- before r, im- before m and p.

un-: uncomfortable, unequal, unexpected, unhappy, unimportant, unknown, unlimited, unofficial, unpleasant, undress, unload, unlock, unpack, untie;

in-: inability, inadequate, incapable, incomparable, incomplete, indirect, inexperienced; illegal, illogical, irregular, irresolute, irresponsible, immobile, impatient, impossible, improbable;

dis-: disapprove, dislike, disobey, distrust, dishonest, disorder, disappear, disappear, disarm, disconnect, discontinue, discover, disjoin, disorganize;

non-: non-conductor, non-essential, non-ferrous, non-metallic, non-effective, non-acceptance, non-arrival, non-available.

Exercise 2.Write the words related to the given ones. Translate them.

(Example: printing-printer, printed, to print)

Produce, to differ, information, foundation, typical, invention, manufacturer, considerable, preparation, image, to know.

Exercise 3. Translate the following attributive groups of words:

High-volume reproduction, high-quality color reproduction, every advanced country, communication of information, mass communications, illustration preparation, human history, printing technologies, paper manufacturing, importance of printed circuit boards, human knowledge transaction, production process.

Exercise 4. Read and study the following words and word combinations:

a) terms:
Fine cloth	тонка тканина	тонкая ткань
Gravure	гравюрний друк	гравюрная печать
Intaglio printing	глибокий друк	глубокая печать
Machine composition	машинний набір	машинный набор
Offset lithography	офсетний друк	офсетная печать
Paper manufacturing	виробництво паперу	производство бумаги
Photocomposition	фотонабір	фотонабор
Photoetching	фототравлення (формування малюнка фотохімічним способом)	фототравление
Plate	друкарська форма	печатная форма
Platemaking	виготовлення друкарських форм	изготовление печатных форм
Press	прес	пресс
Printed circuit	друкована плата	печатная плата
Printing	друкарська справа, друкування, поліграфія	печатное дело, печать, полиграфия
Printing plate	друкарська форма	печатная форма
Publishing	видавництво	издательство
Rubber blanket	гумовий коврик	резиновый коврик копировальной рамы
Screen process	трафаретний друк	трафаретная печать
Slug	шпон	шпон
Stencil	трафарет	трафарет
Typesetting	типографський набір	типографский набор
b) verbs:
Be commonplace	бути типовим	быть типичным
Build on	базуватися	базироваться, основываться
Copy	копіювати, друкувати	копировать, печатать
Etch	гравіювати, травити	гравировать, травить
Feed (fed, fed)	(тут) вводити	вводить
Involve	включати	включать в себя
Put together	збирати разом	собирать вместе
Remain	залишатися	оставаться
Reproduce	відтворювати	воспроизводить
Transfer	передавати	передавать
c) nouns:
Achievement	досягнення	достижение
Boundary	кордон	граница
Communication	зв'язок, процес передачі інформації	процесс передачи информации
Currency	валюта	валюта
Film	плівка	пленка
Foundation	основа	основа
Image	зображення	изображение
Improvement	вдосконалення	усовершенствование
Leaflet	листівка	листовка, флаер
Predecessor	попередник	предшественник
Preparation	підготовка	подготовка
Possessor	той, хто володіє	владеющий
Recess	заглиблення	углубление
Silk	шовк	шелк
Society	суспільство	общество
Stamp	марка	марка
Surface	поверхня	поверхность
Wallpaper	шпалери	обои
d) adjectives:
Accessible	загальнодоступний	общедоступный
Available	наявний	тот, что есть в наличии
Certain	звичайний	обычный
Considerable	значний	значительный
Essential	основний	основной
Flat	(тут.) несфальцьований	(здесь.) несфальцованый
Impermeable	герметичний	непроницаемый
Important	важливий	важный
Large-scale	масштабний	масштабный
Modern	сучасний	современный
e) adverbs:
Generally	взагалі	вообще
Widely	широко	широко

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text. Pay special attention to the terms defined in it.

Printing

Printing involves the technology and methods of reproducing images, pictures, letters and words on paper and other surfaces. There are different methods of printing, but, typical printing involves a press that copies an image from a printing plate to the given material.

Printing presses are widely used for printing books, newspapers, magazines, different kinds of leaflets, stamps, wallpaper, currency and even printed circuits. We can say that the most important role of printing is the communication of information.

Printing was invented in the middle of the 15^th century by John Gutenberg, a German printer. He put together all the work of all his predecessors and developed the techniques that become the foundation for future printing.

In the 19^th century new inventions in the sphere of printing brought great changes in the art of printing. They involved improvements in presses, paper manufacturing and typesetting. Also the methods gravure, offset lithography and screen process were invented. The technology of printing has had a lot of considerable changes since that time.

Generally, printing is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing. We can say that printing gave birth to more accessible and widely available source of knowledge in the sense that it broke down the boundaries between the possessors of knowledge and masses. It enabled later generations to build on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones and changed the nature of getting knowledge within society. Although the great variety of printed products is commonplace in modern life, the most important role of printing still remains the communication of information and ideas.

No matter how modern the printing method is, certain fundamentals remain the same. They include the preparation of text by machine composition, photocomposition, or other methods; illustration preparation by photoetching or other methods; platemaking or other methods for making a printing surface; and a press or some other machine for transferring the printing image to the paper or other material fed to the machine.

Exercise 6. Give the equivalents:

1. рrinting presses, different kinds of leaflets, inventions brought great changes, art of printing, paper manufacturing and typesetting, offset lithography and screen process, certain fundamentals remain, the preparation of text by machine composition, making a printing surface, material fed to the machine, large-scale industrial process, transaction printing, widely available source of knowledge;

2. напрацювання попередників, розробити техніку, основа майбутньої друкарської справи, створення поверхні для друку, перенесення друкованого зображення, відтворення різних видів друкованих зображень, передача інформації, вдосконалення в дизайні пресів, офсетний друк, значні зміни, основна части на видавницької діяльності, широкодоступне джерело знань, стирати кордони, широкі маси та ті, хто володіє інформацією.

Exercise 7.Translate the following sentences into English:

Ukrainian	Russian
1. Різні зображення, слова, картинки можуть бути відтворені на папері або інших поверхнях.	1. Разные изображения, слова картинки можно воспроизвести на бумаге или других поверхностях.
2. Основою процесу друкування є прес, який копіює зображення з друкарської форми на певний матеріал.	2. Основой процесса печати является пресс копирующий изображения с печатной формы на определенный материал.
3. До речей, які можна надрукувати належать книги, газети, журнали, листівки, марки, шпалери та гроші.	3. К предметам, которые можно напечатать, относятся книги, газеты, журналы, листовки, марки, обои и деньги.
4. Друкарська справа має майже 600-річну історію.	4. История печатного дела охватывает почти 600 лет.
5. Друкування стрімко розвивалося протягом сторіч, об’єднуючи нові ідеї та досвід попередників.	5. Печатное дело быстро развивалось столетиями, объединяя новые идеи и опыт предшественников.
6. Незалежно від того, наскільки новим є певний метод, основна процедура друку залишається незмінною.	6. Независимо от новизны определенного метода основная процедура печати остается неизменной.
7. Стандартною процедурою друку є підготовка тексту шляхом машинного набору, підготовка ілюстрацій фото травленням, виготовлення друкарських форм та прес для перенесення зображень.	7. Стандартной процедурой печати является подготовка текста путем машинного набора, подготовка иллюстраций фототравлением, создание печатных форм и пресс для перенесения изображений.

Exercise 8. Put questions to the words underlined in the text.

Exercise 9. Try to find your own words to explain the following words:

(For example: A letter- is a printed sign used to make words and sentences)

Press, predecessor, technology, to reproduce, material, newspaper, information, foundation, method, available, foundation, change, knowledge, generation.

Exercise 10. Answer the questions:

1. What kind of technology is printing?

2. What kinds of material can be printed?

3. What were the inventions of printing technology for the last centuries?

4. What methods of printing do you know?

5. Prove that printing is very important for people.

6. What fundamentals of printing are general for printing process?

Exercise 11. Make sure that you understand the following terms:

Printing- is the technology and methods of reproducing images, pictures, letters and words on paper and other surfaces.

Gravure printing- is a method of intaglio printing using a plate with very small etched recesses.

Offset lithography- is a technique where image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface.

Screen process- is a stencil method of printing a flat color design through a piece of silk or other fine cloth on which all parts of the design not to be printed have been stopped out by an impermeable film.

Typesetting- involves the presentation of textual material in graphic form on paper or some other material.

Machine composition- is the setting of type by machine.

Photocomposition- is nonmetallic composition technique using photographically created characters such as film or photographic paper rather than metal type slugs.

Illustration preparation- is preparation of pictures and other material accompanied by the text before actual printing.

Photoetching- is a printing process that produces an image on the printing plate through a chemical or electrolytic process.

Platemaking- is production of plates needed for printing.

Publishing- is the creation, manufacturing, and distribution of printed material.

Exercise 12. Retell the text “Printing”.

Exercise 13.Use the proper tense form of the verb. Translate the sentences:

1. The students (go) to the party yesterday. 2. When I (come) everything (do). 3. We (look) at the plate made in the XVII century. 4. They (change) their teachers every year. 5. They (interrupt) our talk. 6. My friend (work) at this project three months ago. 7. Our lecturer (be) at the lecture at 8 o’clock. 8. She (stay) at home tomorrow.9. I (ask) him about it before he (go). 10. I (wait) for my friend when the phone (ring). 11. I’ll come at 3 o’clock. – Good. I (wait) for you. 12. If I receive any massage from him I (let) you know. 13. He (know) me for over 10 years. 14. We lived here when I (be) five. 15. I just (tell) you the answer. 16. My friends (go) away five minutes ago. 17. My roommate wasn’t at home when I arrived. He just (go) out. 18. After they (show) their passports to the officials at the airport they (get) on the bus and (go) to the Terminal. 19. I suppose by then they (settle) all the problems. 20. When my thoughts are written down I (finish) with them and I shall have time to think of other things. 21. We (study) at this University for two years. 22. We (wait) for several days before he (answer) our questions.

Exercise 14. Chose the right form of the verb in brackets. Mind the rules of sequence of tenses. Translate the sentences:

1. I said, “I… you, and probably persuade you to come” (know/knows/knew; can/could/will be able to). 2. The Dean asked them several times what … (happens/happen/is happening/has happened/had happened). 3. I asked her what her name … and she said “Roberta” (am/is/are/was/were). 4. My friend dragged me here. He said it … good for us to get these lectures and shows (is/are/was/were). 5. He asked her if she … to be in London for long (is going/was going/were going). 6. Our boss expected that his subordinate … the first opportunity to apologies for his rudeness (take/takes/will take/would take). 7. I didn’t know you … here (is/was/are/were). 8. He inspected the report. It informed him that there … one interval (is/ was/ were would be).

Exercise 15. Translate the following sentences into English. Mind the rules of sequence of tenses:

1. Він сказав, що дискусія продовжується. 2. Вона повідомила про те, що бачила. 3. Я сумнівався, чи він був правий. 4. Наступного разу я зроблю, як він говорить. 5. Я думав, що ти зайнятий. 6. Ми знаємо, що ти зайнятий. 7. Він запитав мене де я купив цей підручник. 8. Ми не знали, що вона хвора. 9. Завтра я запитаю його, чого він хоче. 10. Цікаво, чому друкування цієї книги затримується. 11. Він помітив, що друкарський прес не працює. 12. Вона зауважила, що стає пізно. 13. Я обіцяв, що прийду. 14. Кількість матеріалу вказувала, що це має бути підручник значного об’єму.

Exercise 16. Study the following:

He says, he works … (simultaneous action)

He says, he is working… (simultaneous action)

He says, he worked… (previous action)

He says, he was working… (previous action)

He says, he will work … (future action)

He says he will be working… (future action) BUT,

He said he worked…(simultaneous action)

He said he was working…(simultaneous action)

He said he had worked…… (previous action)

He said he had been working… (previous action)

He said he would work…(future action)

He said he would be working… (future action)

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
He said to me, “I shall meet her tomorrow”. He asked me, “Have you translated the text?” He asked me, “Where do you study?” He said to him “Come in time”. He said to me, “Don’t do that!”	He told me (that) he would meet her the next day. He asked me if (whether) I had translated the text. He asked me where I studied. He asked him to come in time. He told me not to do that.
this (these) now today tomorrow yesterday ago here	that (those) then that day the next day the day before before there

Exercise 17. Change the sentences into Indirect Speech. Translate them.

1. My friend told me, “I have lost your book.” 2. He said to me, “Please, give me your dictionary.” 3. My friend told me, “We have plenty of time to do our work.” 4. The lecturer said to our monitor, “Collect all the conspectus and put them on my table.” 5. “I have a computer, but very often it doesn’t work”, she said. 6. “Did they understand what you said to them?” he inquired. 7. “Don’t argue with the teacher”, I said. 8. The teacher said to his students, “Make a brief summary, please.” 9. The teacher came into the room and asked the students, ”What are you doing?” 10. I asked my friend, “How do you feel after your holiday?” 11. The librarian asked me, ”Where did you lose your book?” 12. We asked Tom, “Do you come to the University by bus or on foot?”

Exercise 18. Change the sentences into Direct Speech. Translate them.

1. The teacher told his students that he was going to give them a test. 2. I asked Peter to open the window. 3. The publisher said that he hadn’t updated the manufacturing equipment since 2007. 4. Our teacher told us not to use Internet information to make our reports. 5. I told him that I hadn’t seen his brother for a long time. 6. I told the lecturer that I liked his lectures, but I didn’t like the practical lessons. 7. I told the taxi driver that he was driving too fast. 8. Mary asked who had taken her pen. 9. The teacher asked me how I spelt “beginning”. 10. The teacher asked his students not to forget their homework.

Exercise 19. Read and study the following words and word combinations before reading the text:

a) terms:
Aquatint-screened plate	акватинтова плата, гравюрна плата	гравюрная плата
Casting form	ливарна форма	литейная форма
Crossline screen	растрова сітка	растровая сетка
Etching	гравіювання травленням	гравирование травлением
Ferric chloride	хлорид заліза	хлорид железа
Flexography	флексографічний друк, аніліновий друк	флексографическая печать
Font	шрифт, комплект шрифту	шрифт, комплект шрифта
Frame	рама, рамка	рама, рамка
Hydrophilic chemical	гідрофільний реактив	гидрофильный реактив
Hydrophobic chemical	гідрофобний реактив	гидрофобный реактив
Ink cell	чорнильна секція	чернильная секция
Letter punch	літерний штамп	литерный штамп
Movable type printing	передвижний друк	передвижная печать
Offset printing	офсетний друк	офсетная печать
Rotary printing press	ротаційна друкарська машина	ротационная печатная машина
Rotogravure	ротогравюра	ротогравюра
Rubber cylinder	резиновий циліндр	резиновый цилиндр
Screen-process	фотомеханічний спосіб	фотомеханический способ
Silk-screen mesh	шовкотрафаретна сітка	шелкотрафаретная сетка
Stencil	трафарет, шаблон	трафарет
Woodblock printing	ксилографічний друк	ксилографическая печать
Woodcut	гравюра на дереві	гравюра на дереве
b) verbs:
Appear	виникати	возникать
Consider	розглядати, вважати	рассматривать, считать
Curve	гнутися, огинати	гнуться, огибать
Elaborate	детально розробляти	детально разрабатывать
Hold	тримати	держать
Originate	виникати	возникать
Recess	робити перерву	делать перерыв
Struck	бити, вдаряти	бить. ударять
Vary	змінюватися	меняться
c) nouns:
Antiquity	давнина	древность
Cloth	одяг	одежда
Craft	мистецтво	искусство
Depth	глибина	глубина
Impression	зображення	изображение
Landmark	віха	веха
Prayer	богослужіння, молитва	богослужение, молитва
Reproduction	відтворення	воспроизведение
Roll	рулон	рулон
Setting	устаткування, налаштування	установка, настройка
Textile	тканина, текстиль	ткань, текстиль
Wood	дерево	дерево
d) adjectives:
Ancient	древній	древний
Common	загальний	общий
Continuous	постійний	постоянный
Durable	надійний	надежный
Flexible	гнучкий	гибкий
Movable	рухомий	подвижный
Superior	більш досконалий	усовершенствованный
Taut	натягнутий	натянутый
Tiny	крихітний	крохотный
e) adverbs:
Accidentally	випадково	случайно
Quite	досить	достаточно
Relatively	відносно	относительно
Separately	окремо	отдельно
Slightly	злегка	слегка

Exercise 20. Read and translate the text:

History of Printing

The invention of printing represents one of the greatest landmarks in human history. In the 15^th century John Gutenberg put together the work of his predecessors and developed the technique that is known as printing. Let’s consider some techniques that became the basis for his work and some later developments in printing.

The earliest kind of printing method was woodblock printing which originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later on paper. Woodblock printing on cloth appeared in Egypt by the 4^th century, though it is not clear if the Egyptian printing on cloth was learned from China or developed separately. Block printing of text, called tarsh in Arabic was developed in Arabic Egypt during 9^th-10^th centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets. It is unclear whether the print blocks were made from metal or wood or other materials.

Block printing first came to Christian Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate, and when paper became relatively easily available , around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small woodcut religious images and playing cards printed on paper.

Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting form matrices struck by letter punches. Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing. Compared to woodblock printing, movable type page setting was quicker and more durable. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts.

The rotary printing press was invented by Richard March Hoe in 1847. It uses impressions curved around a cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates. Later it was slightly improved by William Bullock. Today there are three main types of rotary presses: offset, rotogravure and flexography.

The most common printing methods used in polygraphy nowadays are gravure, offset lithography and screen-process. Gravure printing is a technique linked with ancient crafts. In 1844 a British inventor Fox Telbot proposed the use of gravure techniques for the reproduction of photographs. He developed the process of etching aquatint-screened plates with ferric chloride. In 1878 the Czech graphic artist Karl Klic conducted the first experiments leading to modern photogravure printing. He also developed a crossline screen to form the walls of tiny recessed, equal-area ink cells that varied in depth and thus held different amounts of ink for printing.

Lithography was invented in 1796 in Prague by Aloys Senefelder. Lithography uses chemical processes to create an image. For instance, the positive part of an image would be a hydrophobic chemical, while the negative image would be hydrophilic. It was improved by American printer Ira Rubel in 1905. Accidentally he discovered that the rubber cylinder produced a superior impression, and he constructed the first offset press, a three-cylinder machine.

Screen-process printing was developed by Samuel Simon in 1907. It involves the usage of a frame, a taut silk-screen mesh, and a stencil.

Exercise 21. Think over the answers for the questions on the text. If it is difficult to give the answer in English at once, try to write it in Ukrainian and, after that, translate it into English.

1. Printing is often compared with ancient crafts. What kinds of craft can we compare it with? What do they have in common?

2. Can we say that the improvements in printing developed with accelerated pace? Why is it so? Try to give the analysis.

3. Why scientists say that printing was very important for people back in the Middle Ages?

4. What is the social impact of printing on the generations of people today?

5. We can’t imagine our life without printing materials nowadays. Tell about the importance of printing on your life.

Exercise 22.Supplementary task.

Look at the table of history of printing. Choose one date which you like most of all and make a report on it.

History of Printing
Woodblock printing	200
Movable type	1040
Intaglio	1430s
Printing press	1454
Lithography	1796
Chromolithography	1837
Rotary press	1843
Flexography	1873
Mimeograph	1876
Hot metal typesetting	1886
Offset press	1903
Screen-printing	1907
Dye-sublimation	1957
Phototypesetting	1960s
Photocopier	1960s
Pad printing	1960s
Laser printer	1969
Dot matrix printer	1970
Thermal printer	1970s
Inkjet printer	1976
3D printing	1986
Stereolithography	1986
Digital press	1993
Frescography	1998

Exercise 23. Translate the following words. Pay attention to the prefixes which change their meaning:

Re- (знову, пере-): to appear – to reappear; to consider – to reconsider; to construct – to reconstruct; to elect – to re-elect; to export – to re-export; to open – to reopen; to read – to re-read; to sell – to re-sell; to write – to re-write.

Mis- (невірно, неправильно): to hear – to mishear; to inform – to misinform; to interpret – to misinterpret; to lead – to mislead; to quote – to misquote; to understand – to misunderstand.

En- (в значенні “робити”): circle – to encircle; large – to enlarge; rich – to enrich; slave – to enslave.

De- (має протилежне значення): to control – to decontrol; to mobilize – to demobilize.

Over- (зверх, надміру): to charge – to overcharge; to estimate – to overestimate; to load – to overload, to pay – to overpay, to value – to overvalue; production – overproduction.

Under- (недостатньо): to charge – to undercharge; to value – to undervalue; to pay – to underpay; production – underproduction.

Pre- (перед-): historic – prehistoric; revolutionary-pre-revolutionary; war – pre-war.

Post- (після-): revolutionary-post-revolutionary; war- post-war.

Anti-(проти-): aircraft - anti-aircraft; cyclone – anticyclone.

Counter- (контр-, проти-): to act – to counteract; action – counteraction; attack – counterattack; claim – counterclaim; offer – counteroffer.

Co- (в значенні співпраці): author – coauthor; education – coeducation; existence – coexistence; operation – cooperation.

Inter- (між, взаємо-): national – international; action – interaction; dependent – interdependent; session – intersession; town – intertown.

Ex-( в значенні “бувший”): champion – ex-champion; minister – ex-minister; president – ex-president.

Sub- (під-): committee – subcommittee; conscious – subconscious; division – subdivision; marine – submarine.

Super- (зверх-): human – superhuman; natural – supernatural; profit – super profit.

Trans- (пере-, транс-): to plant – to transplant; to ship – to transship; Atlantic – transatlantic.

Ultra- (ультра-, зверх-): microscopic – ultra-microscopic; short – ultra short; light – ultra light; violet – ultraviolet.

Exercise 24. Translate the following nouns. Memorize the suffixes that create them. Then find and write out more examples with the given suffixes.

-age: breakage, leakage, marriage, passage, storage;

-al: arrival, approval, denial, proposal, refusal, removal;

-ance, -ence: importance, difference, insistence, resistance;

-ancy, -ency: constancy, democracy, efficiency;

-dom: freedom, kingdom, wisdom:

-hood: brotherhood, childhood, manhood, motherhood, neighborhood;

-ion (-ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion): affirmation, collection, combination, connection, dictation, inclusion, introduction, production, restriction, submission, transmission;

-ment: achievement, agreement, development, government, improvement, payment, settlement;

-ness: bitterness, coldness, darkness, kindness, weakness;

-our (-or in the USA): colour, harbour, labour, humour;

-ship: citizenship, dictatorship, friendship, leadership, membership;

-th: depth, length, strength, truth, width, growth;

-ty (-ity, -ability, -ibility): activity, certainty, productivity, safety, specialty, availability, convertibility, incredibility, possibility, probability, responsibility;

-ure (-ture, -sure, -ssure, -zure): creature, departure, mixture, pleasure, pressure, seizure, signature.

Exercise 25. Read and study the following words and word combinations:

1. terms:

Coded type	тип кодування	тип кодирования
Damping	зволоження	увлажнение
Dry offset plate	форма сухого офсету	форма сухого офсета
High resolution	висока роздільна здатність	высокое разрешение
Hyphenation	розставлення перенесень	расстановка переносов
Image-bearing surface	поверхня призначена для зображення	поверхность для изображения
Instant print	миттєвий друк	мгновенная печать
Justification	виключка рядка	выключка строчки
Laser-beam system	система лазерного променя	система лазерного луча
Makeup	верстка, компонування	верстка, компоновка
Non-image area	зона не призначена для зображень	зона без изображений
OCR (Optical Character Recognition)	розпізнавання оптичних знаків	распознавание оптических знаков
Phototypesetter	фотонабірна машина	фотонаборная машина
Picture-tube terminal	термінал з променевою трубкою	терминал с лучевой трубкой
Printing plate	друкарська форма	печатная форма
Typesetting	типографський набір	типографский набор

2. verbs:

Convert	перетворювати	преобразовывать
Correct	виправляти	исправлять
Create	створювати	создавать
Develop	розробляти	разрабатывать
Display	відображати	отображать
Eliminate	усувати	устранять
Involve	включати	включать
Link	поєднувати	объединять
Page	розмічати сторінки	размечать страницы
Produce	виробляти	производить
Prove	доводити	доказывать
Raise	піднімати	поднимать
Recall	повертати	возвращать, выводить
Repel	відбивати	отбивать
Require	вимагати	требовать
Revolutionize	змінювати	менять
Store	зберігати	сохранять
Transfer	переносити	переносить

3. nouns:

Advance	вдосконалення	усовершенствование
Conjunction	поєднання	соединение
Improvement	покращення	улучшение
Innovation	нововведення	новшество
Matter	матеріал	материал
Page	сторінка	страница
Pigment	пігмент	пигмент
Production	виробництво	производство
Prospect	перспектива	перспектива
Quality	якість	качество
Reproduction	відтворення	воспроизведение
Stage	етап	этап

4. adjectives:

Available	доступний	доступный
Capable	здатний	способный
Electrostatic	електростатичний	электростатический
Photographic	фотографічний	фотографический

5. adverbs:

Directly

безпосередньо

непосредственно

Exercise 26. Identify by suffixes: a) nouns, b) adjectives, c) adverbs. Translate them.

Reproduction, individual, improvement, directly, various, automatic, several, permanent, justification, generally, development, electrostatic, accidentally, digital, production, terminal, advances, directly, conjunction, resolution, available, quality.

Exercise 27. Among the following nouns select those which can be used as both nouns and verbs. Translate and use them in your own sentences.

Function, design, page, digit, description, improvement, copy, machine, color, computer, television, system, print, paper.

Exercise 28. Write the verbs related to the following nouns. Translate them.

Resolution, illustration, reproduction, improvement, innovation, development, justification, hyphenation, combination, recognition, information, production, conjunction, preparation, operation, performance, instruction, requirement, communication, definition, description.

Exercise 29. Read and translate the text.

New Technologies in Printing

A lot of improvements were introduced in printing over the last years. Major innovations include the development of phototypesetters, computers for automatic justification and hyphenation, electronic scanning machines for the use in color printing and electrostatic screen printing.

The combination of computer technology and photocomposition has revolutionized typesetting. Machines have been developed that read coded tape and produce on film the type which has already been corrected, paged and ready to make a printing plate. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) machines can read a copy and pass the information on via computer to a photocomposing machine.

Computers can store not only text matter but also illustrations in digital form. Both can be recalled and displayed on picture-tube terminals for makeup into pages. Even the photographic stages of page production can now be eliminated by laser-beam systems which in conjunction with a computer can create printing images directly onto image-bearing surfaces.

Many advances are being made in platemaking technology. For example, “dry-offset” plates have been developed that do not require damping to repel ink from the non-image areas.

Electrostatic and electromagnetic systems for transferring pigment to paper have proved capable of high resolution for both black-and-white and color printing. Both of these systems can be linked to television, raising the prospect of making “instant print” available at home. Before a work is ready for the printing process the text and illustrations must be converted to printing plates. The processes involved depend on the method of printing, the quality of reproduction required, and the number of copies to be printed.

Exercise 30. Give the equivalents:

1. Major innovations, for the use in color printing, electrostatic screen printing, the combination revolutionized, to produce the corrected type, to make a printing plate, pass the information on via computer, in conjunction with a computer, repel ink from the non-image areas, to prove capable, to raise the prospect;

2. вносити нововведення, автоматичне внесення перенесень, виключка рядка, переносити виправлений текст на друкарську форму, нумерація сторінок, запам’ятовувати текст та ілюстрації в цифровій формі, компонування сторінок, не вимагати зволоження, чорно-білий та кольоровий друк, миттєвий друк, що доступний вдома, потрібне відтворення.

Exercise 31. Put different types of questions to the following sentences:

1. Computers can store not only text matter but also illustrations in digital form.

2. A lot of improvements were introduced in printing over the last years.

3. Many advances are being made in platemaking technology.

4. The processes involved depend on the method of printing.

5. Electrostatic and electromagnetic systems have proved capable of high resolution for both types of printing.

Exercise 32. Answer the questions:

1. What are major innovations in printing?

2. What is the advantage of OCR?

3. What kinds of machines have been developed recently?

4. What is the role of computers in printing?

5. What is the main idea of the text?

Exercise 33.Make sure that you understand the following terms:

Phototypesetter- is a device of setting type that uses a photographic process to generate columns of type on a scroll of photographic paper.

Justification- is spacing the letters in each line out to a uniform length by using little blank spaces.

Hyphenation- means word division: division of a word especially at the end of a line on a page.

Optical Character Recognition- is the mechanical or electronic translation of images of handwritten, typewritten or printed text into machine-editable text.

Makeup- is printing the arrangement of type, illustrations, etc., on a printed page.

Image-bearing surface- is the place in the printed material were illustration must be printed.

Laser-beam system- is a system that uses a beam of radiation produced from a laser, used in surgery, communications, weapons systems, printing, recording and various industrial processes.

Exercise 34. Retell “New Technologies in Printing”. Exercise 35.Read and study the following words and word combinations: terms: Arbitrary pattern умовний зразок произвольный образец Blueprint виготовлення світлокопій изготовление светокопий Bubble jet бульбашково-струминний принтер пузырьково-струйный принтер Daisy wheel пелюстковий принтер лепестковый принтер Digital engraving цифрове гравіювання цифровое гравирование Digital printing цифровий друк цифровая печать Doctor blade скребок-лопатка скребок-лопатка Dot-matrix матричний принтер матричный принтер Drop-on-demand printing system друкарська система що використовує випускання чорнил за вимогою система печати использующая выпускание чернил по требованию Fuser fluid рідина для пристрою термічного закріплення жидкость для устройства термического закрепления Gravure printing граверний друк гравюрная печать Heat transfer тепловіддача теплоотдача Hot wax dye transfer перенесення фарби теплим воском перенесение краски теплым воском Image carrier носій зображення носитель изображения Inkjet сопло для розпилення фарби сопло для распыления краски Ink roller чорнильний ролик чернильный ролик Intaglio printing technique техніка глибокого друку техника глубокой печати Laser etching лазерне гравіювання лазерное гравирование Ledger size формат «гросбух» формат «гроссбух» Line printing лінійний друк линейная печать Offset printing офсетний друк офсетная печать Packaging пакування упаковка Receipt printer принтер для друку квитанцій та бланків принтер для печати квитанций и бланков Relief print високий друк высокая печать Repulsion відбиття отражение Rotogravure ротогравюрний друк ротогравюрная печать Rubber blanket гумовий коврик копіювальної форми резиновый коврик для копировальной формы Rubber-covered roller покритий гумою фарбувальний валик обрезиненный валик для краски Screen-printing трафаретний друк трафаретная печать Toner particles часточки тонера частички тонера UV curing process ультрафіолетовий технологічний процес ультрафиолетовый технологический процесс verbs: Account ввважати считать Adhere дотримуватися, приєднуватися придерживаться, присоединяться Apply застосовувати применять Attract притягувати притягивать Bring приносити приносить Check перевіряти проверять Employ застосовувати применять Fill заповнювати заполнять Improve вдосконалювати усовершенствовать Keep тримати держать. удерживать Made up складатися состоять Melt танути таять Obtain отримувати получать Offset відходити, переміщуватися отходить, перемещаться Permeate проникати, пропитувати проникать, пропитывать Press відтискати, тиснути нажимать, давить Scrape скрести. чистити скрести, чистить Simulate моделювати моделировать Spray поширювати распространять Subdivide ділитися делиться Transfer переміщувати перемещать Turn black чорніти чернеть nouns: Array масив массив Bill рахунок счет Charge заряд заряд Copper мідь медь Cube куб, об’єм куб, объем Depression притиснення, відтиск прижатие, оттиск Design establishment конструкторські установи конструкторское бюро Drafting проектування черчение Excess надлишок излишек Fabric волокно волокно Film плівка, оболонка, тонкий шар пленка, оболочка, тонкий слой Floor tile плитка для підлоги плитка для пола Label ярлик ярлык Oil мастило масло Plastic laminate пластиковий ламінат пластиковый ламинат Postage stamp почтова марка почтовая марка Sheet листок листок Stud цапфа, штифт цапфа, штифт T-shirt футболка футболка adjectives: Conventional звичайний обычный Common загальний общий Desired бажаний желаемый Direct прямий прямой Flat плоский плоский Full-color повнокольоровий полноцветный Related що стосується касающийся Solid твердий твердый Sophisticated складний сложный Transactional діловий деловой Unique унікальний уникальный Variable змінний переменный Wasted марно витрачений потраченный зря adverbs: Additionally додатково дополнительно Annually щорічно ежегодно Approximately приблизно приблизительно Currently наразі сейчас, в настоящее время Directly безпосередньо непосредственно Primarily перш за все прежде всего Steadily постійно постоянно

Exercise 36. Read and translate the text.

Modern printing technologies: offset printing, gravure and digital printing.

Offset printing is a widely used printing technique where the inked image is transferred (or offset) from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface. When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat image carrier in which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.

Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique of offset lithography. Other common techniques include:

• flexography used for packaging, labels, newspapers;

• hot wax dye transfer;

• inkjet used typically to print a small number of books or packaging, and also to print a variety of materials from high quality papers to floor tiles;

• laser printing mainly used in offices and for transactional printing as bills and bank documents. Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters;

• pad printing popular for its unique ability to print on complex 3-dimensional surfaces;

• relief print, mainly used for catalogues;

• rotogravure mainly used for magazines and packaging;

• screen-printing from T-shirts to floor tiles.

Gravure printing is an intaglio printing technique, where the image to be printed is made up of small depressions in the surface of the printing plate. The cells are filled with ink and the excess is scraped off the surface with a doctor blade, then a rubber-covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells. The printing plates are usually made from copper and may be produced by digital engraving or laser etching. Gravure printing is used for long, high-quality print runs such as magazines, mail-order catalogues, packaging and printing onto fabric and wallpaper. It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates.

Digital printing accounts for approximately 19% of the 73 trillion pages printed annually (2008 figure) around the world. Printing at home or in an office or engineering environment is subdivided into:

• small format (up to ledger size paper sheets), as used in business offices and libraries;

• wide format (up to 914 mm wide rolls of paper), as used in drafting and design establishments.

Professional digital printing (using toner) primarily uses an electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substrate it is printed on. Digital print quality has steadily improved from early color copies and black-and-white copies to sophisticated color digital presses like the Xerox iGen3, the Kodak Nexpress, the HP Indigo Digital Press series and the InfoPrint 5000. The iGen3 and Nexpress use toner particles and the Indigo uses liquid ink. The InfoPrint 5000 is a full-color drop-on-demand printing system.

Some of digital printing technologies are:

- blueprint and related chemical technologies;

- daisy wheel, where pre-formed characters are applied individually;

- dot-matrix, which produces arbitrary patterns of dots with an array of printing studs;

- inkjet, including bubble-jet where ink is sprayed onto the paper to create the desired image;

- laser, where toner consisting primarily of polymer with pigment of the desired colors is melted and applied directly to the paper to create the desired image;

- line printing, where pre-formed characters are applied to the paper by lines;

- solid ink printer, where cubes of ink are melted onto paper;

- heat transfer, like early fax machines or modern receipt printers that apply heat to special paper, which turns black to form the printed image. The process differs from lithography, flexography, gravure, and letterpress printing in several ways:

- every print can be different, because printing plates are not required, as in traditional methods;

- there is less wasted chemical and paper, because there is no need to bring the image "up to color" and check for registration and position;

- the ink or toner does not permeate the substrate, as does conventional ink, but forms a thin layer on the surface and may in some systems be additionally adhered to the substrate by using a fuser fluid with heat process (toner) or UV curing process (ink).

These are the general characteristics of modern printing technologies.

Exercise 37. Give the equivalents:

a) Printing surface, repulsion of oil and water, flat image carrier, ink rollers, the non-printing area, ink-free, bring "up to color", check for position, small depressions, ledger size paper sheet, transfer toner to the substrate, quality has steadily improved, sophisticated color digital press, full-color drop-on-demand printing system, array of printing studs, pre-formed characters, turn black to form the printed image, hot wax dye transfer;

b) переносити зображення, поверхня готова до друку, різні технології, офсетний друк, друкарський пристрій що розпилює фарбу, пелюстковий принтер, цифровий друк, друк ділової документації, листи різних форматів, здатність друкувати, комірки, що заповнені чорнилом, електричний заряд, переносити тонер на поверхню, танути на папері, застосовувати тепло, хімічні технології, повнокольорова друкарська система.

Exercise 38. Match the following word combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. permeate the substrate 1) ця техніка використовує плоский носій

b) this kind of printing is 2) зараз більшість друкованих матеріалів

commonly used by mail companies надруковані з використанням цієї техніки

c) blueprint and related technologies 3) проникати в речовину

d) produces arbitrary patterns of dots 4) певна площа притягує воду

e) may be additionally adhered 5) цей тип друку як правило

to the substrate використовують почтові компанії

6. when used in combination 6) виготовлення світлокопій та схожі

with another process технології

7. image to be printed is 7) якість постійно покращується від перших

made up of small depressions копій до складних цифрових пресів

8. the quality is steadily improved 8) може бути додатково приєднане до

form early copies to complex субстрату

color digital presses

9. this technique employs a flat carrier 9) зображення для друку складається

з маленьких відтисків

10. specific area attracts a film of water 10) виробляє довільні шаблони точок

11. currently most printed items 11) в поєднанні з іншим процесом

are printed using this technique

Exercise 39. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Існує багато технологій що використовуються у друкарській справі.

2. До сучасних друкарських технологій відносять офсетний друк, гравюрний друк та цифровий друк.

3. В наш час більшість книг та газет друкують з використанням техніки офсетної літографії.

4. При граверному друку зображення складається з маленьких відтисків на поверхні друкарської форми.

5. Офсетний друк використовує зображення заповнене чорнилом, яке поступово переноситься з друкарської форми через гумовий коврик на поверхню для друку.

6. Надлишок чорнила з комірок можна прибрати за допомогою скребка-лопатки.

7. Друкарські форми як правило виробляють з міді.

8. Цифровий друк використовує заряд для перенесення тонера чи чорнила на субстрат для друку.

9. Техніки друкування постійно вдосконалюються, покращуючи якість друкованих видань.

Exercise 40. Put all types of questions to the following sentences.

1. The offset technique employs a flat image carrier in which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers.

2. Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique of offset lithography.

3. Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters.

4. Digital printing accounts for approximately 19% of the 73 trillion pages printed annually around the world.

5. Professional digital printing uses an electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substrate it is printed on.

6. Digital print quality has steadily improved from early color copies and black-and-white copies to sophisticated color digital presses.

7. These processes differ from lithography, flexography, gravure, and letterpress printing in several ways.

8) Every print can be different, because printing plates are not required, as in traditional methods.

9) The printing plates may be produced by digital engraving or laser etching.

Exercise 41. Answer the questions:

1. What is offset printing?

2. What is lithographic process based on?

3. In what way does a gravure technique work?

4. What kind of print is gravure technique used for?

5. What is the difference between offset printing and digital printing?

6. What kinds of digital printing technologies do you know?

7. What are the common printing techniques nowadays?

Exercise 42. Make a summary of “Modern printing technologies: offset printing, gravure and digital printing.”

Exercise 43. Read and translate the passage. Make its lexico-grammatical analysis:

Using an offset printing press to print on paper was probably done first by Ira Washington Rubel, an American, in 1903. The inspiration was an accident. While operating his lithographic press he noticed that if he failed to insert paper the stone plate would transfer its image onto the rubber impression cylinder. When he then placed paper into the machine it would have the image on two sides, one from the stone plate and one from the rubber impression cylinder. To Rubel’s amazement, the image from the rubber impression cylinder was much clearer; the soft rubber was able to give a sharper look than the hard stone litho plate. Soon he created a machine that repeated this original “error”. This process was also noted by two brothers, Charles and Albert Harris, at about the same time. They produced an offset press for the Harris Automatic Press Company not long after Rubel created his press.The machine created by the Harris Automatic Press Company was based on a rotary letterpress machine. A cylinder was wrapped with a metal plate that was pressed against ink and water rollers. Just below the metal plate cylinder was a blanket cylinder. Below that was an impression cylinder which fed the paper against the blanket cylinder so that the image could be transferred. While the basic process in offset printing has remained the same, some modern innovations include two sided printing and using large rolls of paper fed into the machines.

Exercise 44. Fill in the spaces in the sentences of the text with proper tense forms given in brackets. Translate the text.

( can produce, is, are getting, print, pay, has become, is, is printed, increases, goes, will… cost, have not yet been, are using)

Offset printing …the most common form of high-volume commercial printing, due to advantages in quality and efficiency in high-volume jobs. The more you …, the less you … per page, because most of the price …into the preparation undergone before the first sheet of paper …. … and ready for distribution. Any additional paper print …only … the client paper price (and ink), which … very minimal. While modern digital presses … … closer to the cost/benefit of offset for high-quality work, they … … … … able to compete with the sheer volume of product that an offset press … …. Furthermore, many modern offset presses … … computer to plate systems as opposed to the older computer to film workflows, which further …their quality. In the last two decades, flexography … … the dominant form of printing in packaging due to lower quality expectations and the significantly lower costs in comparison to other forms of printing.

Exercise 45. Read and memorize the following information. Make the exercises related to it.

The Infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb which names the action. The Infinitive

in English has six forms. They are represented in the table below:

Форми Інфінітива	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to write	to be written
Continuous	to be writing	-
Perfect	to have written	to have been written
Perfect-Continuous	to have been writing	-

1. Combine the two sentences as in the models.

Models: I learn English here. I am glad of it. – I am glad to learn English here.

We helped him. We are happy about it. – We are happy to have helped him.

I was examined yesterday. I am glad of it. - I am glad to have been examined yesterday.

1. I study at this University. I am glad of it. 2) I see you. I am glad of it. 3) I live in this city. I am happy about it. 4) I am going to this scientific conference. I am happy about it. 5) I spent my holidays in the Crimea. I am happy about it. 6) I passed my examination yesterday. I am glad of it. 7) I don’t understand this rule. I am sorry about it. 8) I have not found this dictionary. I am sorry about it. 9) We are taught English. We are glad of it. 10) I was not informed of it. I am sorry about it.

2. Translate into English using the Infinitive:

1) Вона щаслива, що вчиться в цьому університеті. 2) Вона щаслива, що вчилася в цьому університеті. 3) Мені незручно, що турбую вас. 4) Мені незручно, що я потурбував вас. 5) Я радий запросити вас на вечір. 6) Я радий, що мне запрошують на вечір. 7) Я радий, що запросив їх на вечір. 8) Я радий, що мене запросили на вечір. 9) Я хочу щоб мене послали на конференцію. 10) Забути цей день неможливо. 11) Допомогти йому зараз – значить врятувати його. 12) Він перший допоміг нам. 13) Щоб вивчити мову ви повинні якомога більше читати. 14) Завдання було надто складним щоб зробити його за годину. 15) Він досить досвідчений, щоб виконати це завдання.

The following complexes can be created with the Infinitive: The Objective Infinitive Complex, The Subjective Infinitive Complex, and The Prepositional Infinitive Complex.

The Objective Infinitive Complex consisits of a noun in the Common Case or a personal pronoun in the Objective case and the Infinitive. In the sentence this complex has the function of a complex object.

The Objective Infinitive Complex is used:

• after verb denoting perceptions of senses;

• after verbs denoting wish, intention, emotions;

• after verbs denoting mental activity;

• after verbs denoting order, request, permission, advice, compulsion.

Here is the examples of the Objective Infinitive Complex: I saw him open his notebook. We noticed our teacher open the door.

c) Change the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Complex:

1) Nobody noticed her as she went away. 2) We watched them as they downloaded the file. 3) We expect that he will come back at 7. 4) I expect that you will come in time. 5) I think that he is a good web-designer. 6) I believe that they are at home now. 7) My wish is that you should tell me about it. 8) I desire that they should return tomorrow.

The Subjective Infinitive Complex consists of a noun in the Common Case or a personal pronoun in the Nominative Case and the Infinitive. The example of the Subjective Infinitive Complex is as follows: They were said to go there.

The Subjective Infinitive Complex is used:

• with the verbs to say and to report;

• with verbs denoting mental activity;

• with verbs denoting sense perceptions;

• with verbs denoting order, request, permission, compulsion;

• with the verbs to seem, to appear, to happen, to chance, to prove, to turn out;

• with the expressions to be likely, to be unlikely, to be sure, to be certain.

d) Transform the sentences using the Subjective Infinitive Complex instead of the Objective Infinitive Complex as in the model:

Model: I saw her read the letter. – She was seen to read the letter.

1) We heard her explain the rule. 2) I saw him repair his computer. 3) We saw the plane take off. 4) They expected him to return in a fortnight. 5) We know her to be a talented publisher. 6) Everybody supposed him to be the winner. 7) Everybody considered him to be a great man.

e) Transform the following complex sentences into simple ones using the Subjective Infinitive Complex:

1) It is believed that she knows several foreign languages. 2) It is said that Kate is preparing for her exam. 3) It is reported that the programmer is working at his knew program. 4) It is said that she has been teaching English for thirty years. 5) It is expected that he will arrive on Monday. 6) It is supposed that the book will be published next year. 7) It seems that he knew it long ago. 8) It seems that she is listening. 9) It proved that you were right. 10) It turned out that the text was very difficult.

The Infinitive complex preceded by the preposition for is called the Prepositional Infinitive Complex. The example is: It is time for us to go.

f) Transform the following sentences into the sentences with the Prepositional Infinitive Complex:

1) It is necessary that we should start early in the morning. 2) It is important that he should work systematically. 3) It is necessary that you should go in for sports. 4) The text is too difficult. / The students can’t translate it. 5) The story is easy enough. / I can read it without a dictionary. 6) The computer is very expansive. / I can’t afford to buy it. 7) The weather was too bad. / We couldn’t go to the University.

7. Translate the sentences with the Infinitive into English (in writing).

1) Я помітив що вона відкрила книгу. 2) Всі бачили, як приземлився літак. 3) Ми помітили, що він встав та вийшов з кімнати. 4) Всі чули, як ти сказав це. 5) Я хочу, щоб ви зробили це сьогодні. 6) Я хочу, щоб ти залишився тут. 7) Мені не подобається, коли він говорить так повільно. 8) Я не думав, що ти запізнишся. 9) Ви вважаєте її добрим організатором? 10) Викладач змусив нас вивчити текст напам’ять. 11) Що примусило вас іти на виставку в таку погану погоду? 12) Я не змушую вас робити це. 13) Вважають, що він дуже освічена людина. 14) відомо, що вона вивчила кілька іноземних мов. 15) Ніколи не бачили, щоб він сердився. 16) Було видно, як високо в небі летів літак. 17) Вона, здається, знає французьку мову. 18) Здавалося, вони не слухають його. 19) Очевидно, ви забули про це. 20) Він, певно, запізниться на заняття.

Exercise 46. Socio-political material. Read and translate the article about international terrorism. Divide it into parts and make a headline for each part. Make a short summary of the article. Use a dictionary to understand the unknown words.

International terrorism. Fight against terrorism

Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. At present, there is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those acts which are intended to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of combatants. Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war. The history of terrorist organizations suggests that they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. Individual terrorists tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined. The word "terrorism" is politically and emotionally charged, and this greatly compounds the difficulty of providing a precise definition. A 1988 study by the United States Army found that over 100 definitions of the word “terrorism” have been used. The concept of terrorism is itself controversial because it is often used by states to delegitimize political or foreign opponents, and potentially legitimize the state's own use of terror against them. Terrorism has been practiced by a broad array of political organizations for furthering their objectives. It has been practiced by both right-wing and left-wing political parties, nationalistic groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments. Official definitions determine counter-terrorism policy, and are often developed to serve it. Most government definitions outline the following key criteria: target, objective, motive, perpetrator, and legitimacy or legality of the act. Terrorism is also often recognizable by a following statement from the perpetrators. There are some terms related to terrorism. The only general characteristic of terrorism generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence. However, the criterion of violence alone does not produce a useful definition, as it includes many acts not usually considered terrorism: war, riot, organized crime, or even a simple assault. Psychological impact and fear – The attack was carried out in such a way as to maximize the severity and length of the psychological impact. Each act of terrorism is a “performance” devised to have an impact on many large audiences. Terrorists also attack national symbols, to show power and to attempt to shake the foundation of the country or society they are opposed to. This may negatively affect a government, while increasing the prestige of the given terrorist organization and/or ideology behind a terrorist act. Perpetrated for a political goal – Something that many acts of terrorism have in common is a political purpose. Terrorism is a political tactic, like letter-writing or protesting, which is used by activists when they believe that no other means will affect the kind of change they desire. The change is desired so badly that failure to achieve change is seen as a worse outcome than the deaths of civilians. This is often where the inter-relationship between terrorism and religion occurs. Deliberate targeting of non-combatants – It is commonly held that the distinctive nature of terrorism lies in its intentional and specific selection of civilians as direct targets. Specifically, the criminal intent is shown when babies, children, mothers and the elderly are murdered, or injured and put in harm's way. Much of the time, the victims of terrorism are targeted not because they are threats, but because they are specific "symbols, tools, animals or corrupt beings" that tie into a specific view of the world that the terrorists possess. Their suffering accomplishes the terrorists' goals of instilling fear, getting their message out to an audience or otherwise satisfying the demands of their often radical religious and political agendas. Unlawfulness or illegitimacy – Some official definitions of terrorism add a criterion of illegitimacy or unlawfulness to distinguish between actions authorized by a government (and thus "lawful") and those of other actors, including individuals and small groups. Using this criterion, actions that would otherwise qualify as terrorism would not be considered terrorism if they were government sanctioned. For example, firebombing a city, which is designed to affect civilian support for a cause, would not be considered terrorism if it were authorized by a government. This criterion is inherently problematic and is not universally accepted, because: it denies the existence of state terrorism; the same act may or may not be classed as terrorism depending on whether its sponsorship is traced to a "legitimate" government; "legitimacy" and "lawfulness" are subjective, depending on the perspective of one government or another; and it diverges from the historically accepted meaning and origin of the term. For these reasons, this criterion is not universally accepted; most dictionary definitions of the term do not include this criterion. In the spring of 1975, the Law Enforcement Assistant Administration in the United States formed the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the committee was entitled Disorders and Terrorism, produced by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the direction H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force classified terrorism into six categories: Civil Disorders – A form of collective violence interfering with the peace, security, and normal functioning of the community. Political Terrorism – Violent criminal behavior designed primarily to generate fear in the community, or substantial segment of it, for political purposes. Non-Political Terrorism – Terrorism that is not aimed at political purposes but which exhibits “conscious design to create and maintain high degree of fear for coercive purposes, but the end is individual or collective gain rather than the achievement of a political objective.” Quasi-Terrorism – The activities incidental to the commission of crimes of violence that are similar in form and method to genuine terrorism but which nevertheless lack its essential ingredient. It is not the main purpose of the quasi-terrorists to induce terror in the immediate victim as in the case of genuine terrorism, but the quasi-terrorist uses the modalities and techniques of the genuine terrorist and produces similar consequences and reaction. For example, the fleeing felon who takes hostages is a quasi-terrorist, whose methods are similar to those of the genuine terrorist but whose purposes are quite different. Limited Political Terrorism – Genuine political terrorism is characterized by a revolutionary approach; limited political terrorism refers to “acts of terrorism which are committed for ideological or political motives but which are not part of a concerted campaign to capture control of the State. Official or State Terrorism –referring to nations whose rule is based upon fear and oppression that reach similar to terrorism or such proportions. It may also be referred to as Structural Terrorism defined broadly as terrorist acts carried out by governments in pursuit of political objectives, often as part of their foreign policy. Nowadays four topologies of terrorist organizations are defined: Nationalist-Separatist, Religious Fundamentalist, New Religious, and Social Revolutionary. Terrorism is a threat to all States and to all peoples. It poses a serious threat to our security, to the values of our democratic societies and to the rights and freedoms of the citizens, especially through the indiscriminate targeting of innocent people. Terrorism is criminal and unjustifiable under any circumstances. Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in Europe. In Britain, Ireland and Spain alone, thousands of lives have been lost to terrorism over the past thirty years. This experience has taught us that the only way to defeat terrorism is to confront it. Due to the increasing openness of the European Union, in which people, ideas, technology and resources move freely, collective European action, in a spirit of solidarity, is indispensable to combat terrorism. Within the EU the co-operation in the fight against terrorism has intensified since 9/11, and in particular since the horrendous Madrid attacks in 2004. The European Union is committed to jointly combating terrorism and to providing for the best possible protection for its citizens. Through good co-operation, several terrorist attacks in Europe have been prevented, and arrests and convictions obtained. In December 2005, the EU decided to focus its efforts in the fight against terrorism on four main objectives: prevent, protect, pursue and respond.

Exercise 47. Prepare and analyze the articles on terrorism and war on terrorism. Discus them with your group mates.

Ікт Факультет комп’ютерних систем напрям 6.051501 «Видавничо-поліграфічна справа» ііі курс, і семестр

Module 5 “Printing technologies. Modern printing technologies”

Version 1

1. Translate the following passages in writing:

…Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letter punches. Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing. Compared to woodblock printing, movable type page setting was quicker and more durable. The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform, leading to typography and fonts. Today, practically all movable type printing ultimately derives from Gutenberg's movable type printing, which is often regarded as the most important invention of the second millennium. No matter how modern the printing method is, certain fundamentals remain the same. They include the preparation of text by machine composition, photocomposition, illustration preparation, plate making, and press or some other machine for transferring the printing image…

II. Put five types of questions on the text.

III. Give English equivalents to the terms:

гравюрний друк	друкарська форма
глибокий друк	друкована плата
машинний набір	скребок-лопатка
офсетний друк	носій зображення
виробництво паперу	чорнильний ролик

ІV. Continue the sentences:

1) Printing involves the technology and methods of…

2) Printing presses are widely used for…

3) The most important role of printing still remains…

V. Translate the sentences into English:

1) Існує багато технологій що використовуються у друкарській справі.

2) До сучасних друкарських технологій відносять офсетний друк, гравюрний друк та цифровий друк.

3) В наш час більшість книг та газет друкують з використанням техніки офсетної літографії.

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What is gravure printing?

2. What kinds of material can be printed?

3. What were the inventions of printing technology for the last centuries?

Ікт Факультет комп’ютерних систем напрям 6.051501 «Видавничо-поліграфічна справа» ііі курс, і семестр

Module 5 “Printing technologies. Modern printing technologies”

Version 2

1. Translate the following passages in writing:

… Printing is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing. We can say that printing gave birth to more accessible and widely available source of knowledge in the sense that it broke down the boundaries between the possessors of knowledge and masses. It enabled later generations to build on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones and changed the nature of getting knowledge within society. Although the great variety of printed products is commonplace in modern life, the most important role of printing still remains the communication of information and ideas. The combination of computer technology and photocomposition has revolutionized typesetting. Machines have been developed that read coded tape and produce on film the type which has already been corrected, paged and ready to make a printing plate…

II. Put five types of questions on the text.

III. Give English equivalents to the terms:

трафаретний друк	ливарна форма
шпон	растрова сітка
трафарет	гравіювання травленням
типографський набір	літерний штамп
фотомеханічний спосіб	гумовий циліндр

ІV. Continue the sentences:

1) Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable…

2) The most common printing methods used in polygraphy nowadays are…

3) Screen-process printing involves…

V. Translate the sentences into English:

1) При граверному друку зображення складається з маленьких відтисків на поверхні друкарської форми.

2) Офсетний друк використовує зображення заповнене чорнилом, яке поступово переноситься з друкарської форми через гумовий коврик на поверхню для друку.

3) Надлишок чорнила з комірок можна прибрати за допомогою скребка-лопатки.

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What is digital printing?

2. What methods of printing do you know?

3. What fundamentals of printing are general for printing process?