Косвенная речь

reported speech

I. Прямая речь (Direct Speech) – это непосредственные слова говорящего, передаваемые без изменений. На письме прямая речь заключается в кавычки, которые в английском языке ставятся вверху строки:

John says, “I am sure everything will be all right.” – Джон говорит: «Я уверен, что все будет хорошо».

John said, “I am sure everything will be all right.” – Джон сказал: «Я уверен, что все будет хорошо».

Косвенная речь (Reported Speech) передает речь путем пересказа в виде дополнительных придаточных предложений:

John says that he is sure that everything will be all right. – Джон говорит, что уверен, что все будет хорошо.

John said that he was sure that everything would be all right. Джон сказал, что уверен, что все будет хорошо.

II. При переводе прямой речи в косвенную необходимо соблюдать ряд правил.

При переводе прямой речи в косвенную личные и притяжательные местоимения меняются соответственно смыслу:

He said, “I am busy.” – Он сказал: «Я занят.» " He said that he was busy. – Он сказал, что он занят.

Lillian said, “My sister speaks French well.” – Лилиан сказала: « Моя сестра хорошо говорит по-французски.» " Lillian said that her sister spoke French well. – Лилиан сказала, что ее сестра хорошо говорит по-французски.

Если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь, употреблен в одном из прошедших времен, то в предложении действует правило согласования времен.

He said, “I am busy.” " He said that he was busy.

He said, “I was busy.” " He said that he had been busy.

He said, “I will be busy.” " He said that he would be busy.

таблица изменения временных форм

При переводе прямой речи в косвенную

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Present Simple write, writes	Past Simple wrote
Present Continuous is writing; are writing	Past Continuous was writing; were writing
Present Perfect have written; has written	Past Perfect had written
Present Perfect Continuous have been writing has been writing	Past Perfect Continuous had been writing
Future Simple will write	Future in the Past would write
Past Simple wrote	Past Perfect had written
Past Perfect had written	не изменяется
can write may write must write	could write might write must/had to write
could write might write would write had to write	не изменяется

Указательные местоимения и наречия места и времени в косвенной речи меняются, если глагол, вводящий косвенную речь, употреблен в одном из прошедших времен. Эти замены сводятся к следующему:

here (здесь) " there (там)

now (сейчас, теперь) " then (тогда)

ago (тому назад) " before (до того, раньше)

today (сегодня) " that day (в тот день)

y esterday (вчера) " the day before

(накануне)

on the previous day

the day before yesterday " two days before

(позавчера) (за два дня до)

t omorrow (завтра) " the next day

(на следующий день)

the following day

l ast night (вчера вечером) " the previous night

(накануне)

the night before (вечером)

this (этот, эта) " that (тот, та)

these (эти) " those (те)

He said, “I can’t stay here.” " He said he could not stay there.

He said, “I was at the theatre last night.” " He said that he had been at the theatre the night before.

She asked us, “Where will they go tomorrow?” " She asked us where they would go the following day.

III. Как и прямая речь, косвенная речь может передавать различные коммуникативные типы предложений – повествовательные, вопросительные, побудительные.

Повествовательные предложения вводятся в косвенной речи следующими наиболее употребительными глаголами:

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
t o say говорить to tell сказать to add – добавить to answer – ответить to explain – объяснить to inform – сообщить to promise – (по)обещать to think – (по)думать to repeat – повторить	to say (to somebody) that to tell somebody that to add that to answer (to somebody) that to explain (to somebody) that to inform (somebody) that to promise (somebody) that to think that to repeat (somebody) that

He told us that he knew English well. – Он сказал нам, что хорошо знает английский.

He informed me that the weather was fine. – Он сообщил мне, что погода хорошая.

При передаче вопросительного предложения в косвенной речи порядок слов в косвенном вопросе всегда прямой, как в повествовательном предложении, так как косвенный вопрос является придаточным дополнительным предложением.

Вопросы, требующие краткого ответа “да/нет”, вводятся союзами if или whether.

He asked me, “Have you seen the new film?” " He asked me if/whether I had seen the new film.

Вопросы с вопросительными словами в косвенной речи вводятся местоимениями или наречиями, соответствующими вопросительным местоимениям или наречиям в прямом вопросе.

He asked me, “When did you see the new film?” " He asked me when I had seen the new film.

He asked me, “What are you reading?” " He asked me what I was reading.

Косвенные приказы и просьбы передаются инфинитивом глагола. Косвенные приказы и просьбы чаще всего вводятся следующими глаголами:

to ask – просить

to tell – велеть

to advise – советовать

to order – приказывать

He said to me, “Tell me the truth.” " He told me to tell him the truth.

He said to me, “Come up to me.” " He asked me to come up to him.

Отрицательные побудительные предложения передаются сочетанием отрицания not с инфинитивом.

He said to me, “Don’t lie.” " He told me not to lie.

IV. Чаще всего прямая речь вводится глаголами to say, to tell, to ask, имеющими следующие особенности употребления:

– Глагол to say употребляется либо с предложным дополнением с предлогом to – to say to somebody (that), либо без него – to say that.

The girl said to her mother that she didn’t like the film.

The girl said that she didn’t like the film.

– Глагол to ask часто употребляется для передачи в косвенной речи вопросов и может употребляться как с косвенным беспредложным дополнением, обозначающим лицо, которому адресовано высказывание, так и без него. Этот же глагол употребляется для передачи в косвенной речи побудительных предложений.

He asked me what I was reading.

He asked if I had seen the new film.

She asked us to tell her about the accident.

– После глагола to tell всегда употребляется косвенное беспредложное дополнение, обозначающее лицо, которому адресовано высказывание. Глагол to tell употребляется при передаче в косвенной речи как повествовательных, так и побудительных предложений.

The girl told her mother that she had been the witness of the accident.

The teacher told us to go home.

– В английском языке много устойчивых словосочетаний с глаголами to say, to tell и to ask. Запомните некоторые из них:

to say a few words – высказаться, сказать несколько слов

to say no more – замолчать

to say nothing of – не говоря о

to tell a lie – говорить неправду, лгать

to tell the time – показывать время (о часах)

to tell the truth – говорить правду

to tell one from the other – различать кого-либо

to ask for someone – спрашивать, хотеть видеть

to ask for trouble – напрашиваться на неприятности

to ask (for) a favour – просить об одолжении

to ask a question – задавать вопрос

Упр. 282. Раскройте скобки, выбрав правильное слово.

1. My grandmother always (says/tells) me about her childhood. 2. “Don’t do that!” she (said/told) them. 3. Did she (say/tell) you where she had put my books? 4. When I was introduced to the actor he (said/told) a few words to me. 5. That little boy (says/tells) a lot of lies. 6. She (said/told) to me she didn’t know what to do. 7. She often (says/tells) things like that. 8. Helen (said/told) that the banks were closed on Saturdays. 9. Have you (said/told) him the news? 10. I think she (said/told) she couldn’t come to the party. 11. I didn’t (said/told) the teacher why I was late. 12. Jackie (said/told) to me that she wanted to see you. 13. Don’t just stand there! (Say/Tell) something. 14. (Say/Tell) us about your holiday. Did you have a nice time? 15. I wonder where Sue is. She (said/told) she would be here at 8 o’clock.

Упр. 283. Закончите предложения, поставив глаголы say, tell или ask в нужную форму.

1. I … you that I couldn’t come to the interview. 2. I … that I couldn’t come to the interview. 3. What does the notice …? I can’t read it. 4. I am sorry. I wasn’t listening. Did you … something? 5. You’d better … that I am busy. 6. You’d better … him that I am busy. 7. They didn’t … me anything. They just sat there without … a word. 8. The policeman … us where we were going. 9. I don’t think you are … the truth. 10. Mary … her mother that she was going to the office. 11. Did you … something to me? 12. They … me to leave. 13. She didn’t … me how long the job would take. 14. The nurse … him whether he needed anything else. 15. “Don’t do that!” she … to them.

Упр. 284. Исправьте ошибки.

1. He asked to me if I was in love with his sister. 2. John said us some funny jokes. 3. Can you say me the time? 4. “I quite like watching television,” told Don. 5. Paul told that he wanted to see me. 6. Don’t lie to me. Say the truth. 7. He said the police that his neighbours were noisy. 8. The old man asked to the police to let him tell to them everything he knew.

Упр. 285. Соедините выражения прямой и косвенной речи.

Direct Speech	Reported Speech
1. here 2. last week 3. next week 4. now 5. this 6. this morning 7. today 8. tomorrow 9. yesterday 10. the day before yesterday 11. tonight	a. that day b. that morning c. that night d. that e. the day before f. the next day g. the next week h. the week before i. then/that day j. there k. two days before

Упр. 286. Представьте, что эта информация была сообщена в другом месте месяцем позже. Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи, сделав необходимые изменения.

1. “I’ll see you tomorrow.” She said she would see me … . 2. “I’ll phone you this evening.” He said he would phone … . 3. “Do you like it here?” She asked if I liked it … . 4. “My uncle died last week.” He told me his uncle had died … . 5. “This meat tastes delicious.” She said … meat tasted delicious. 6. “I am leaving now.” He told us he was leaving … . 7. “I overslept this morning.” She told him she had overslept … . 8. “The train leaves at 11.00 tonight.” I was told that the train left at 11.00 … . 9. “Pete phoned me yesterday.” He said Pete had phoned him … . 10. “My brother is arriving here today.” She said that her brother was arriving … .

Упр. 287. Закончите предложения в косвенной речи.

1. “I am tired.” She said she … tired. 2. “You play very well.” He told me I … very well. 3. “Can you help us?” they asked if I … help them. 4. “We are leaving.” They told us they … . 5. “She hasn’t brushed her hair.” I noticed that she … her hair. 6. “John has had an accident.” Pam rang to say that John … an accident. 7. “I left school at fifteen.” Her letter said that she … school at fifteen. 8. “She won’t say anything.” I knew she … anything. 9. “Nobody will know.” I thought nobody … . 10. “This letter has been opened.” I could see that the letter … . 11. “I am doing some undercover work for the CIA.” He explained that he … some undercover work for the CIA. 12. “I will call you back in twenty minutes.” He said that he … .

Упр. 288. Вчера вы встретили своего друга Чарли. Он сказал вам следующее:

1. I’m living in London now. 2. My father isn’t very well. 3. Sharon and Paul are getting married next month. 4. Margaret has had a baby. 5. I don’t know what Fred is doing. 6. I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine. 7. I haven’t seen Diane recently. 8. I’m not enjoying my job very much. 9. You can come and stay at my flat if you are ever in London. 10. My car was stolen a few weeks ago. 11. I want to go on holiday but I can’t afford it. 12. I’ll tell Ann I saw you.

Позже, в тот же день, вы рассказываете другому другу, что сказал Чарли. Используйте косвенную речь. Например: Charlie said that he was living in London now.

Упр. 289. Переведите предложения в косвенную речь.

1. Jack told his father, “I hope to pass the examination.” 2. Henry said to me, “The teacher is looking at us.” 3. I told the policeman, “I saw the thief in the garden.” 4. My friend told me, “We have plenty of time to do our work.” 5. I said to my sister, “I haven’t seen my uncle for a long time.” 6. Frank said, “Ron fell down, but he didn’t hurt himself.” 7. Jimmy said, “My brother is learning to drive.” 8. Nick said, “Sometimes I go home by bus.” 9. Jack’s father said to him, “You haven’t cleaned your shoes.” 10. The teacher told John, “You didn’t write exercise two.” 11. Bob said, “My brother has just arrived from Paris.” 12. Bob said to Tom, “I made no mistakes in the last dictation.”

Упр. 290. Переведите вопросы в косвенную речь.

1. “Are you hungry?” – She asked us … . 2. “Are you enjoying yourself?” – He wanted to know … . 3. “Have you seen John today?” – She asked me … . 4. “Has Peter been working in police long?” – He wanted to know … . 5. “Did you study hard for the exam?” – She asked me … . 6. “Will John and Mary be at the party?” – She asked us … . 7. “You like Russian food, don’t you?” – She wanted to know … . 8. “Will you be coming to the concert?” – He wanted to know … . 9. “Have you interviewed the witness?” – He asked me… . 10. “Did they examine the scene of crime?” – The chief inspector wanted to know … .

Упр. 291. Переведите вопросы в косвенную речь.

1. “What is the weather like?” – She asked me … . 2. “What does Frank do for a living?” – I wanted to know … . 3. “Why is Mary crying?” – She wanted to know … . 4. “How long have you been working as an investigator?” – He asked me … . 5. “Where did they go last week?” – She asked me … . 6. “How can I solve the problem?” – I wanted to know … . 7. “Who were you looking for?” – He asked me … . 8. “Which countries will John be visiting?” – You didn’t say … . 9. “When were the culprits arrested?” – The police inspector asked the sergeant … . 10. “Where are the president and his wife staying?” – I wanted to find out … . 11. “Why are all the windows open?” – She asked me … . 12. “Why do I have to sign the paper?” – Nobody told me … .

Упр. 292. Переведите вопросы в косвенную речь.

1. “Who committed the crime?” – He wanted to know … . 2. “What makes a noise like that?” – He asked … . 3. “Which of you is waiting to see me next?” – The doctor asked … . 4. “Who left this bag here?” – I haven’t any idea … . 5. “What caused the accident?” – Can you explain … . 6. “Which newspaper carried the article?” – I wanted to know … . 7. “Who left the message?” I didn’t have any idea … . 8. “Who threw the bomb at the Prime Minister?” – The article didn’t say … . 9. “Who told you to leave the work early?” – She asked him … . 10. “Who will organize the Christmas party?” – We didn’t decide … .

Упр. 293. Переведите предложения в косвенную речь; поставьте глаголы в скобках в форму Past Simple.

Например: “Don’t wait,” he said. (ask) " He asked me not to wait.

1. “Wait for me,” I said to him. (tell) 2. “Go on holiday when the weather gets warmer,” she told them. (advise) 3. “Keep out of this room at all times,” she said to them. (warn) 4. “Remember to post those letters,” he said to me. (remind) 5. “Don’t go into my room,” she said to them. (ask) 6. “Will you fax the information to me?” she asked him. (ask) 7. The old man said to the little girl, “Don’t run across the street.” (tell) 8. “Don’t go on holiday now,” she told him. (advise) 9. “My advice is to look for a new job now,” she said to him. (advise) 10. “You should phone him back,” she said to him. (tell)

Упр. 294. Переведите предложения в прямую речь.

1. Nick told me that he was going on holiday. 2. Paul said that he was tired. 3. Jane asked Bill if he had ever been to Spain. 4. My friend asked me where I had been on holiday. 5. Mike’s boss told him he would get a pay rise. 6. My sister said that she hadn’t got a watch. 7. The teacher told his students that he was pleased with their work. 8. I told him that I hadn’t seen his brother for a long time. 9. I told my mother that Henry was studying medicine at the University. 10. We told the teacher that we didn’t understand his question. 11. I told the taxi-driver that he was driving too fast. 12. She said that her children wouldn’t go to school the next day because they had caught a cold.

Упр. 295. Переведите предложения в косвенную речь.

1. He is ill. (She thought) 2. I will be back tomorrow. (He said) 3. I don’t like this music. (She said) 4. Where is the bus station? (She asked me) 5. Have you finished? (I asked him) 6. Nobody loves me. (I felt) 7. Do you want tea or coffee? (He asked her) 8. I will clean the flat. (She offered) 9. When is the car going to be ready? (I asked) 10. What am I doing here? (I wondered) 11. The earth is not flat. (He proved) 12. These figures can’t be right. (I knew) 13. Her cat understands everything. (She thought) 14. What does the boss want? (I asked) 15. Did Mary phone back? (I wondered) 16. You ought to see the doctor. (He advised me) 17. Would you like a drink? (She asked me) 18. I hadn’t seen the notice (I explained)

Упр. 296. Переведите предложения в косвенную речь, употребляя нужный глагол для введения косвенной речи.

1. “Listen carefully,” he said to us. 2. “Don’t wait for me if I am late,” Ann said. 3. “Read the instruction before you switch on the machine,” he said to me. 4. “Shut the door but don’t lock it,” she said to us. 5. “Can you speak more slowly? I can’t understand,” he said to me. 6. “Can you open the door for me, Tom?” Ann asked. 7. “Please don’t tell anyone what happened,” Peter said to me. 8. “Stay in bed for a few days,” the doctor said to me. 9. I asked, “How long will it take you to get there?” 10. He said, “They were here yesterday.” 11. Tom asked, “What time do the banks close?” 12. She asked, “How long have you been working in your present job?” 13. Jack said, “I am going away for a few days. I’ll phone you when I get back.” 14. “Please sit down and make yourselves at home,” our hostess said. 15. “You really must take the matter up with your solicitor. It could be very serious,” my brother said. 16. “No one is to use a dictionary during the test,” the teacher said. 17. “Please don’t forget to let me know when you have arrived safely,” my aunt said. “I will be worried to death unless you do.” 18. They told me, “You might catch the 6 o’clock train, if you hurry.” 19. “You should ask for a pay rise. You have brought the company a lot of business,” he told me. 20. “I couldn’t find my door key. That’s why I broke the window,” he told the policeman. 21. She said, “I may be able to give you a lift but I won’t know until the morning.” 22. She said, “You should pay a visit to the Citizen’s Advice Bureau. They will be able to tell you what your rights are.”

Упр. 297. Перепишите данный диалог в косвенной речи.

inspector Wiles investigates

• “It’s all lies,” Boyle cried.

• “You think so?” Inspector Wiley asked mildly.

• “Think so? I know it,” Boyle answered sharply.

• “And no doubt,” the inspector continued, “you can prove it. Where were you on Saturday night, the night of the robbery?”

• “I was at the Roxy with my girlfriend,” Boyle replied. “We saw Gone with the Wind. The film lasted four hours.”

• “But the Roxy was closed all last weekend,” cried the inspector.

Таблица неправильных глаголов

	Infinitive	Past Simple	Participle II
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 100	be /bJ / - быть beat /bJt/ - бить become /bI'kAm/- становиться begin /bI'gIn/ - начинать bind /baInd/ - привязывать bite /baIt/ - кусать blow /blqV/ - дуть break /breIk/ - ломать bring /brIN/ - приносить build /bIld/ - строить burn /bE:n/ - гореть buy /baI/ - покупать catch /kxC/ - ловить choose /CHz/ - выбирать come /kAm/ - приходить cost /kPst/ - стоить cut /kAt/ - резать deal /dJl/ - иметь дело do /dH/- делать draw /drL/ - рисовать drink /drink/ - пить drive /draIv/ - вести eat /Jt/ - есть, кушать fall /fLl/ - падать feed /fJd/ - кормить feel /fJl/ - чувствовать fight /faIt/ - сражаться find /faInd/ - находить fly /flaI/ - летать forbid /fq'bId/ - запрещать forget /fq'get/ - забывать forgive /fq'gIv/ - прощать get /get/ - получать give /gIv/ - давать go /gqV/ - ходить grow /grqV/ - расти have /hxv/ - иметь hang /hxN/ - вешать hear /hIq/ - слышать hide /haId/ - прятать hit /hIt/ - ударять hold /hqVld/ - держать hurt /hE:t/ - ушибать keep /kJp/ - хранить know /nqV/ - знать lay /leI/ - класть, положить lead /lJd/ - вести learn /lE:n/ – учиться leave /lJv/ - оставлять lie /laI/ - лежать lose /lHz/ - терять make /meIk/ - делать mean /mJn/ - значить meet /mJt/ - встречать pay /peI/ - платить put /pVt/- класть read /rJd/ - читать ride /raid/ - ездить ring /rIN/ - звенеть rise /raIz/ - подниматься run /rAn/ - бегать say /seI/ - сказать see /sJ/ - видеть sell /sel/- продавать send /send/ - посылать set /set/ - ставить, класть shake /SeIk/ - трясти shine /SaIn/ - светить shoot /SHt/ - стрелять show /SqV/ - показывать shut /SAt/ - закрывать sing /sIN/ - петь sit /sIt/ - сидеть sleep /slJp/ - спать smell /smel/ - нюхать speak /spJk/ - говорить spend /spend/ - тратить stand /stxnd/ - стоять steal /stJl/- красть swear /sweq/ - клясться swim /swim/ - плавать take /teIk/ - брать teach /tJC/ - обучать tear /teq/ - рвать tell /tel/ - рассказывать think /TINk/ - думать throw /TrqV/ - бросать understand /"Andq'stxnd/ - понимать wake /weIk/ - просыпаться wear /weq/ - носить win /wIn/ - выигрывать write /raIt/ - писать	was, were /wPz, wE:/ beat /bJt/ became /bI'keIm/ began /bI'gxn/ bound /baVnd/ bit /bIt/ blew /blH/ broke /brqVk/ brought /brLt/ built /bIlt/ burnt /bE:nt/ bought /bLt/ caught /kLt/ chose /CqVz/ came /keIm/ cost /kPst/ cut /kAt/ dealt /delt/ did /dId/ drew /drH/ drank /drxNk/ drove /drqVv/ ate /et/ fell /fel/ fed /fed/ felt /felt/ fought /fLt/ found /faVnd/ flew /flH/ forbade /fq'beId/ forgot /fq'gPt/ forgave /fq'geIv/ got /gPt/ gave /geIv/ went /went/ grew /grH/ had /hxd/ hung/hanged /hAN / heard /hE:d/ hid /hId/ hit /hIt/ held /held/ hurt /hE:t/ kept /kept/ knew /njH/ laid /leId/ led /led/ learned/learnt /lE:nt/ left /left/ lay /leI/ lost /lPst/ made /meId/ meant /ment/ met /met/ paid /peId/ put /pVt/ read /red/ rode /rqVd/ rang /rxN/ rose /rqVz/ ran /rxn/ said /sed/ saw /sL/ sold /sqVld/ sent /sent/ set /set/ shook /SVk/ shone /SPn/ shot /SPt/ showed /SqVd/ shut /SAt/ sang /sxN/ sat /sxt/ slept /slept/ smelt /smelt/ spoke /spqVk/ spent /spent/ stood /stHd/ stole /stqVl/ swore /swL/ swam /swxm/ took /tVk/ taught /tLt/ tore /tL/ told /tqVld/ thought /TLt/ threw /TrH/ understood /"Andq'stHd/ woke /wqVk/ wore /wL/ won /wAn/ wrote /rqVt/	been /bJn/ beaten /bJtn/ become / bI'kAm/ begun /bI'gAn/ bound / baVnd/ bitten / bItn/ blown /blqVn/ broken //brqVkn/ brought / brLt/ built / bIlt/ burnt /bE:nt/ bought /bLt/ caught / kLt/ chosen / CqVzn/ come / kAm/ cost / kPst/ cut /kAt/ dealt /delt/ done /dAn/ drawn /drLn/ drunk /drANk/ driven /drIvn/ eaten /Jtn/ fallen /fLln/ fed /fed/ felt /felt/ fought /fLt/ found /faVnd/ flown /flqVn/ forbidden /fq'bIdn/ forgotten /fq'gPtn/ forgiven /fq'gIvn/ got / gPt/ given /gIvn/ gone /gPn/ grown /grqVn/ had / hxd/ hung/hanged /hAN / heard /hE:d/ hidden /hIdn/ hit /hIt/ held /held/ hurt /hE:t/ kept /kept/ known /nqVn/ laid /leId/ led /led/ learned/learnt /lE:nt/ left /left/ lain /leIn/ lost /lPst/ made /meId/ meant /ment/ met /met/ paid /peId/ put /pVt/ read /red/ ridden /rIdn/ rung /rAN/ risen /rIzn/ run /rAn/ said /sed/ seen /sJn/ sold /sqVld/ sent /sent/ set /set/ shaken /SeIkn/ shone /SPn/ shot /SPt/ shown /SqVn/ shut /SAt/ sung /sAN/ sat /sxt/ slept /slept/ smelt, smelled /smelt/ spoken /spqVkn/ spent /spent/ stood /stHd/ stolen /stqVln/ sworn /swLn/ swum /swam/ taken /teIkn/ taught /tLt/ torn /tLn/ told /tqVld/ thought /TLt/ thrown /TrqVn/ understood /"Andq'stHd/ woken /wqVkn/ worn /wLn/ won /wAn/ written /rItn/