Условные предложения

IF-CLAUSES

Сложноподчиненные условные предложения состоят из двух частей: главного предложения и придаточного предложения условия. Придаточное предложение выражает условие совершения действия, главное – следствие, вытекающее из этого условия. Придаточные предложения обычно соединяются с главным предложением союзом if. Однако в качестве союза в условных предложениях также употребляются: unless – если только не, on condition (that)- при условии, что, suppose (that) – предположим, что. В английском языке можно выделить три основных типа условных предложения.

УСЛОВИЕ		Придаточное предложение	Главное предложение	ПЕРЕВОД
реальное		Present Simple If it rains, If you speak slowly, If he drives fast,	will + Infinitive we will stay at home. I will be able to understand you. he will have an accident.
нереальное	настоящее/ будущее	Past Simple If it rained, If you spoke slowly, If I were you,	would + Infinitive we would stay at home. I would be able to understand you. I would do that myself.	бы
	прошлое	Past Perfect If you had spoken slowly,	would + have + Infinitive I would have been able to understand you.

– Условные предложения I типа выражают реальные, осуществимые условия, обычно относящиеся к настоящему и будущему времени.

We will play outside if the weather is fine. – Мы будем играть на улице, если погода будет хорошая.

If you ring me up, I will tell you something. – Если ты мне позвонишь, я тебе кое-что расскажу.

– Условные предложения II типа выражают маловероятные и нереальные условия, относящиеся к настоящему и будущему времени.

We would play outside if the weather were fine. – Мы бы играли на улице, если бы погода была хорошая (сегодня, завтра).

If you rang me up, I would tell you something. – Если бы ты мне позвонил (сегодня, завтра), я бы тебе кое-что рассказал.

We would have played outside if the weather had been fine. – Мы бы играли на улице, если бы погода была хорошая (вчера).

– Условные предложения III типа выражают условия, не реализованные в прошлом и, следовательно, совершенно невыполнимые.

If you had rung me up, I would have told you something. – Если бы ты мне позвонил (вчера), я бы тебе кое-что рассказал.

Упр. 262. Раскрывая скобки, напишите каждое предложение три раза, образуя условные предложения I, II и III типов. Переведите их.

1. If my friend (come) to see me, I (be) very glad. 2. If mother (buy) an apple-pie, we (have) a very nice tea party. 3. If we (receive) an e-mail from him, we (not worry). 4. If you (not work) systematically, you (fail) the examination. 5. If you (be) busy, I (leave) you alone. 6. If I (live) in Moscow, I (visit) the Tretyakov Gallery every year. 7. If I (get) a ticket, I (go) to the Philharmonic. 8. If I (go) to Manchester, I (visit) Martin. 9. If my father (return) early, we (watch) football on TV together. 10. If she (know) English, she (try) to enter the university.

Упр. 263. Перепешите каждое предложение дважды, образуя предложения нереального условия II и III типов. Переведите их.

1. They will all be surprised if I make such a mistake. 2. If he doesn’t come in time, will we have to wait for him? 3. If I am not busy, I shall go to the concert. 4. If no one comes to help, we shall be obliged to do the work ourselves. 5. If you put on your glasses, you will see better. 6. What shall we do if they are late? 7. Will you be very angry if we don’t come? 8. Will he be very pleased if you don’t ring him up?

Упр. 264. Составьте все возможные условные предложения I типа, используя подстановочную таблицу. Переведите их.

If I

live in the south, come home late, live in the country, go to the wood, receive his letter, fall ill, find my book, lose my money, see my friend,

I will

bathe every day. go to bed at once. often go to the wood. gather many mushrooms. be very happy. go to the doctor. be very glad. be very sorry. ask his advice.

Упр. 265. Составьте все возможные условные предложения II типа, используя подстановочную таблицу. Переведите их.

I wish I were If I were

in the south at home in the country in the wood at the camp a scientist a composer a poet a writer a spaceman a sailor

I would

bathe every day. go to bed. go to the wood. gather many mushrooms. have a very good time. invent a time machine. compose beautiful music. write a beautiful poetry. write interesting novels. fly to other planets. sail to Africa.

Упр. 266. Составьте все возможные условные предложения III типа, используя подстановочную таблицу. Переведите их.

I wish I had If I had

translated the article yesterday, met you yesterday, read this new book, seen your brother yesterday, bought a dictionary, memorized the words, rung him up 2 days ago, gone to the library, had more practice in chess, joined you in fishing, had a ticket yesterday, asked you to help, called at the shop,

I would have

found out all about this discovery. told you something. told you about it. asked him to come to our place. translated the text. got a good mark. got that book. won the game yesterday. caught a lot of fish. gone to the theatre with you. done the work well. bought the book. met interesting people. been sent abroad. been pleased.

Упр. 267. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

1. If he were not such an outstanding actor, he (not have) so many admirers. 2. If you (give) me your e-mail, I will write you a letter. 3. If she (not be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 4. If my sister does not go to the south, we (spend) the summer in Sochi together. 5. If they (not go) to Moscow last year, they would not have heard that famous musician. 6. If you (not get) tickets for the concert, we will stay at home. 7. If you were not so careless about your health, you (consult) the doctor. 8. I would be delighted if I (have) such a beautiful fur coat. 9. If it (rain), we will have to stay at home. 10. If he (work) hard, he would have achieved great progress. 11. If it is not too cold, I (not put) on my coat. 12. I (write) the composition long ago if you had not disturbed me. 13. If he (not read) so much, he would not be so clever. 14. If my friend (be) at home, he will tell us what to do. 15. If you (have) this rare book, I would gladly lend it to you. 16. This dish would have been much more tasty if she (be) a better cook. 17. He never (phone) you if he hadn’t reminded him to do that. 18. My uncle (become) much stronger if he took cold baths regularly. 19. If he (be) more courageous, he would not be afraid. 20. If the fisherman had been less patient, he (not catch) so much fish. 21. If you (put) ice-cream into the refrigerator, it would not have melted. 22. If I (know) the result now, I would phone her immediately. 23. If you let me know yesterday, I (bring) you my CD player.

Упр. 268. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

1. If you (not buy) coffee, we will drink tea. 2. If you spoke English every day, you (improve) your language skills. 3. If he is free tomorrow, he certainly (come) to our party. 4. My sister would not have missed so many classes if she (not hurt) her leg. 5. If they (not go) to Scotland last August, they would not have visited the Edinburgh Festival. 6. If you get a “five”, your mother (be) happy. 7. If my friend (work) in my office, we would meet every day. 8. I would have been in a very difficult situation if she (not help) me. 9. If you (be) hungry, I’ll make you something to eat. 10. If he (come) to our house yesterday, he would have met his friend. 11. If we (have) enough time, we’ll visit Robert. 12. I will tell you a secret if you (ring) me up. 13. If he (not pass) his exam, he will not get a study grant. 14. If my friend (be) in trouble, I will give him a helping hand, of course. 15. If you (be) a poet, you would write beautiful poetry. 16. If these shoes were not too big for me, I (buy) them. 17. If I (not know) English, I would not be able to enjoy Byron’s poetry. 18. I (not do) it if you did not ask me. 19. If men (have) no weapons, would wars be possible? 20. You will never finish your work if you (waste) your time like that. 21. If I (have) his telephone number, I would easily settle this matter with him. 22. If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (increase) greatly.

Упр. 269. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

1. If you gave me your dictionary for a couple of days, I (translate) this text. 2. If you had not put the cup on the edge of the table, it (not get) broken. 3. If she were more careful about her diet, she (not be) so stout. 4. My sister would not have bought the car if her friend (not lend) her money. 5. If they (go) to the theater with us last week, they would have enjoyed the evening. 6. If you (not smoke), you would not feel so bad. 7. If my friend had been trying harder, he (succeed). 8. I would be very happy if I (be) a lawyer. 9. If it (rain) tomorrow, our game will be cancelled. 10. I would be very glad if he (come) to my place. 11. If he had warned me, I (do) the work in time. 12. If I (get) this book, I will be happy. 13. If you really loved music, you (go) to the concerts much more often. 14. I (take) a long holiday if I won a lot of money. 15. If you had let me know yesterday, I (bring) you my notebook. 16. If only I (have) more pocket money, I could buy some new computer programs. 17. If you (not miss) the train, you would have arrived in time. 18. You (not miss) the teacher’s explanation if you have arrived in time. 19. You would have understood the rule if you (not miss) the teacher’s explanation. 20. If you (understand) the rule, you would have written the paper successfully.

Упр. 270. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

1. If I didn’t feel so tired, I (come) out with you. 2. I could have repaired the car if I (have) the right tools. 3. If I were you, I (apply) for the job. 4. If I (win) a lot of money, I (stop) working. 5. If the weather (be) nice, I’d go to the beach with my friends. 6. If my father (not smoke), he would not feel so bad. 7. He wouldn’t be late for work if he (get) earlier. 8. If we (not control) pollution soon, it will be too late! 9. Pollution (increase) if we use more oil and coal. 10. My parents will be very glad if I (pass) my final exams successfully. 11. If I had a lot of money, I (travel) around the world. 12. If I (get) the recording of this song, I will be happy. 13. If I’d had time, I (go) shopping. 14. I (not have) an accident if I had been more careful. 15. She would have gone to university if she (have) the opportunity. 16. If you (see) the film, you would have enjoyed it. 17. If she (phone) me yesterday, I should certainly told her about this event. 18. If he is not very busy, he (agree) to go to the stadium with us. 19. If I (not be) present at the lecture, I would not have understood this difficult topic. 20. If a dog (bite) in her leg, she would go straight to hospital. 21. If he had known it was going to rain, he (take) his umbrella to work today. 22. If she hadn’t missed the bus, she (not be) late for work.

Упр. 271. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме.

1. If I (live) two hundred years ago, I couldn’t have spoken on the phone. 2. If my daughter did her homework carefully, she (get) much better marks. 3. If his friend (be) in the mood to see a film, they would have gone to the cinema last night. 4. If my cactus plant (not have) a rare disease, it wouldn’t have died. 5. If they had remembered your address, they (send) you a postcard. 6. If Tom saw a car crash, he (telephone) the police and (help) the people in the cars. 7. Careful! If you touch that, you (burn) yourself. 8. If she (not be) very ill, she wouldn’t have been absent from English class last week. 9. If my parents had had good seats, they (enjoy) the play last night. 10. If a robber (attack) him in a dark street, he would defend himself. 11. If he hadn’t been so careless, he (not fall) into this trap. 12. If her alarm-clock (ring), she would have been on time for work this morning. 13. If you (not smoke), you will feel more energetic. 14. If you were on a hijacked plane, you (attack) the hijackers? 15. If they were on a hijacked plane, they (stay) calm and probably (survive). 16. If I (live) in 1758, I wouldn’t have had a computer. 17. If she (be invited), she would have come to the party last night. 18. If the driver in front hadn’t stopped suddenly, the accident (not happen). 19. If you (not know) how to play, my sister will explain the rules to you. 20. If she had told them it was her birthday, they (give) her a present. 21. If he had more time, he (read) more books. 22. If their TV set had been working, they (watch) the President’s speech last night. 23. If she had been feeling well, she (be) in class last Monday.

Упр. 272. Образуйте условные предложения.

1. He is busy and does not come to see us. If … 2. The girl didn’t study well last year and received bad marks. If … 3. He broke his bicycle and so he didn’t go to the country. If … 4. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If … 5. I had a bad headache yesterday, that’s why I didn’t come to see you. If … 6. The ship was sailing near the coast, that’s why it struck a rock. If … 7. He was not in town; therefore he was not present at the meeting. If … 8. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If … 9. The sea is rough, and we cannot land on the island. If … 10. They made a fire, and the frightened wolves ran away. If … 11. It is late, and I have to go home. If … 12. I was expecting my friend to come, that’s why I could not go to the cinema with you. If … 13. He always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favourite subject and he works a lot at it. If … 14. I did not translate the article yesterday because I had no dictionary. If … 15. We lost our way because the night was pitch-dark. If … .

Упр. 273. Образуйте условные предложения.

1. The travelers had no camera with them, so they could not take photos of the beautiful scenery. If … . 2. There was no sugar left, so we had to go to the shop late in the evening. If … . 3. This house is very nice and comfortable, but it is not very good for living because it is situated close to a chemical plant and the air around is very bad. If … . 4. He is an excellent specialist, but I cannot ask him for advice because I am not acquainted with him. If … . 5. You cannot enjoy this merry evening party because you have a toothache. If … .6. You know the material well enough, but you are very absent-minded, and that’s why you always make many mistakes. If … . 7. You did not ring me up, so I didn’t know you were in trouble. If … . 8. You left the child alone in the room, so he hurt himself. If … 9. They spent a year in the tropics, so they got very sun-tanned. If … . 10. It rained heavily, so we got drenched to the skin. If … . 11. Why didn’t you watch the cat? It ate all the fish. If … . 12. A huge black cloud appeared from behind the forest, so we had to turn back and hurry home. If … . 13. We will not go to see them because it is very late. If … . 14. Naturally she was angry because you were in her way. If … .

Упр. 274. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму сослагательного наклонения после “I wish”. Переведите предложения.

1. The unfortunate pupil wished he (not forget) to learn the rule. 2. I wish I (have) a season ticket to the Philharmonic next winter. 3. I wish I (consult) the teacher when I first felt that maths was too difficult for me. 4. I love sunny weather. I wish it (be) warm and fine all the year round. 5. I wish you (send) word as soon as you arrive. 6. I wish I (not lend) Nick my watch: he has broken it. 7. I wish I (not have) to do my homework every day. 8. I wish you (go) skiing with me yesterday: I had such a good time! 9. I wish I (know) Spanish. 10. I wish I (not drink) so much coffee in the evening. 11. I wish you (read) more in future. 12. I wish I never (suggest) this idea. 13. I wish I (be) at yesterday’s party: it must have been very merry. 14. I wish we (meet) again next summer. 15. Don’t you wish you (see) that performance before? 16. They wished they (not see) this horrible scene again. 17. “Dad is angry with you.” – “I’m sorry. I wish I (not say) those offensive words.” 18. I’m hungry. I wish it (be) time for lunch.

Упр. 275. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму сослагательного наклонения после “I wish”.

1. I wish I (can) give up smoking. 2. I wish I (pass) my driving test successfully. 3. I wish I (not forget) my friend’s birthday yesterday. 4. I wish it (be) sunny. 5. Do you wish you (be) in the Guinness Book of Records? 6. I wish I (can) tell the future. 7. I wish I (bring) my camera last year. 8. The boy is sad. He wishes he (not break) the window. 9. He wishes he (know) something about cars. 10. My aunt wishes she (stay) at home last week. 11. I wish it (be) sunny during our picnic last Sunday. 12. She wishes she (live) in the Crimea. 13. She often wishes things (be) different. 14. Some people wish they (can) appear on a TV game show and become famous. 15. My friend wishes he (not do) that last night. 16. We wish our exams (be) over. 17. Mag’s lost her key. She wished she (not be) so careless. 18. We had a wonderful holiday in France. I wish we (go) there again next summer.

Упр. 276. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя “I wish”.

Например: It’s a pity you are ill.

I wish you were not ill.

1. Unfortunately they won’t return before Christmas. 2. The student was sorry he had not studied the material better and had shown such poor knowledge at the examination. 3. It’s a pity that you did not send for us last night. 4. It’s a pity you are not with us these days. 5. My friend regrets not having entered the university. 6. He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his paper. 7. It’s a pity we won’t be able to reach home before teatime. 8. I am sorry I made you upset by telling you this news. 9. What a pity you don’t know enough Physics. 10. I don’t like your criticizing me all the time. 11. I don’t really want you to smoke in here. 12. It’s time for them to go to bed. 13. It’s a shame I can’t play chess as well as Steve. 14. Frank regrets not taking the job when he had the chance. 15. It’s awful – Sam doesn’t know how you feel about him! 16. What a pity my husband is away and he cannot help us!