1 VARIANT

1. Decide whether the sentences are true or false.

1. Jacquard’s automated loom was designed for beautiful patterns.

2. Babbage was a prolific inventor.

3. CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper.

4. Ada Byron was the first computer programmer.

5. Storage device is used for the permanent storage of information.

2. Put the proper words into the sentences.

arithmetic, applications, program, language, engine.

1. After a great deal of time and effort, a working model of the Difference … was constructed.

2. … is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.

3. “Automation” means … machines to do jobs that people do.

4. Windows makes running your favourite … easier.

5. Coding is the translation of the logical steps into the programming … .

3. Choose the right answer.

1. User interface is/are …

a) a software package b) commands given to a computer c) document-linking features

2. What was the most significant innovation in EDVAC?

1. a storage program b) punched cards c) an integrated circuits

3. Calculators appeared in … century.

1. 17^th b) 18^th c) 16^th

4. Program is a kind of … .

1. hardware b) software c) computer language

5. … is a global collection of many computers that are linked together .

a) E-mail b) Internet c) WWW

4. Translate into English.

   1. Паскаль и Лейбниц являются создателями механического калькулятора.

   2. Беббидж назвал машину разностной, поскольку она работала путем решения разностных уравнений.

   3. Модель Марк 1 работала при помощи перфоленты.

   4. Программное обеспечение определяет порядок выполнения операций.

   5. Аппаратное обеспечение компьютера – это те устройства, которые составляют компьютерную систему.

5. Fill in the table about history of computers using the information from the texts.

Times	Invention	Inventor	Technology

2 VARIANT

1. Decide whether the sentences are true or false.

1. Calculators began to appear in the 17^th century.

2. The first computer which was completely modern in conception was designed in the 19^th century.

3. The Analytical engine was built by Ch.Babbage.

4. EDVAK had to innovations in it’s construction.

5. R.Noyce was a good engineer and a good entrepreneur.

2. Put the proper words into the sentences.

Techmar Inc., output, forerunners, wizard, low-level.

1. M.Alpert was a founder of … .

2. Wozniak was a technological … and Jobs was an entrepreneur.

3. Basic languages, which are similar to the machine code are called … languages.

4. The abacus, castle clock are the … of the computer.

5. The examples of … devices are monitor and printer.

3. Choose the right answer.

1. R.Noyce was a founder of …

1. IBM b) Intel c) Apple

2. Keyboard is a kind of … .

1. software b) hardware c) invention

3. Jobs and Wozniak were … .

1. college graduates b) university drop-outs c) college drop-outs

4. ENIAK was designed by … ,

1. Atanasoff b) Mauchly c) Babbage

5. … constructed software for the Analytical engine.

a) Ada Lovelace b) Jacquard c) Augustus de Morgan

4. Translate into English.

   1. Абак представляет собой счетную рамку, которая широко использовалась для вычислений в древности.

   2. Вдохновленный машиной Жаккарда, Беббидж хотел создать калькулятор, контролируемый перфокартами.

   3. Модели Марк 1 требовалось шесть секунд для операции умножения.

   4. Машина ЭДВАК использовала двоичный код для представления чисел внутри машины.

   5. Устройства ввода – то периферийные устройства, позволяющие вносить информацию на компьютер.

5. Fill in the table about history of computers using the information from the texts.

Times	Invention	Inventor	Technology

3 VARIANT

1. Decide whether the sentences are true or false.

1. Until 1970s the computers were used for big businesses, government and general public.

2. R.Noyce was a co-founder of Intel.

3. Hardware of the computer can be divided into 4 categories.

4. Applications software is designed for the specific pieces of hardware.

5. The woven part of the Jacquard’s loom was controlled by punched cards.

2. Put the proper words into the sentences.

Apple, storage, assembler, punched cards, Babbage.

1. … converts a program into machine code.

2. … was a prolific inventor.

3. Jacquard’s loom had … in it’s construction.

4. Jobs and Wozniak are the founders of … company.

5. … hardware stores computer instructions and data and retrieves them when needed for processing.

3. Choose the right answer.

1. The first electromechanical computer was … .

1. Mark 1 b) EDVAC c) ENIAC

2. … helped people to do arithmetic in ancient times.

1. calculator b) abacus c) pebbles

3. Printer is a … hardware because it shows the results on the paper.

1. storage b) processing c) output

4. A computer … is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.

1. software b) program c) language

5. M. Alpert’s got his college education on … .

a) medicine b) electronics c) teaching

4. Translate into English.

   1. Главная память – это часть компьютера, где хранятся программы и данные, используемые процессором.

   2. Языки программирования высокого уровня не зависят от архитектуры компьютера.

   3. По результатам оценок интернет объединяет более 10 млн. компьютеров и около 30 млн. пользователей по всему миру.

   4. Машина ЭДВАК хранила программу в машинной памяти как данные.

   5. Трудно определить, какое устройство можно назвать первым компьютером.

5. Fill in the table about history of computers using the information from the texts.

Times	Invention	Inventor	Technology

Computer world

It is difficult to identify any one device as the earliest computer, partly because the term «computer» has been subject to varying interpretations over time. Originally, the term «computer» referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a human computer), often with the aid of a mechanical calculating device.

T he history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies – that of automated calculation and that of programmability. Simple examples of information-processing machines can be traced back to ancient times. The following are some of the more important forerunners of the computer.

The abacus is the counting frame that was the most widely used device for doing arithmetic in ancient times and whose use persisted into modern times in the Orient. Early versions of the abacus consisted of a board with grooves in which pebbles could slide.

The «castle clock», an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer. It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer traveling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour, and five robotic musicians who play music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed every day in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.

I n the seventeenth century, calculators began to appear. Blaise Pascal and Wilhelm von Leibniz usually are singled out as pioneers. The calculator Pascal and Leibniz built were unreliable, since the mechanical technology of that time was not capable of manufacturing the parts with sufficient precision. As manufacturing techniques improved, mechanical calculators were perfected. They were widely used until they were replaced by electronic calculators in recent times.

Most information-processing machines were designed to do arithmetic. An outstanding exception was Jacquard’s automated loom, a machine designed not for hard figures but beautiful patterns. A Jacquard loom weaves cloth containing a decorative pattern. The woven part was controlled by punched cards. Changing the punched card changed the pattern the loom wove. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability. Jacquard looms came into widespread use in the early nineteenth century, and their descendants are still used today.

Give Russian equivalents.

A forerunner of the computer, perform numerical calculations with the aid of a mechanical calculating device, to improve, descendant, (un)reliable, sufficient precision, information-processing machines, a counting frame, punched cards, to do arithmetic, albeit limited form of programmability.